n n 1 demographic stochasticity 2 environmental stochasticity

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四項不確定因素 n n (1) demographic stochasticity (2) environmental stochasticity (3) natural catastrophes (4) genetic

四項不確定因素 n n (1) demographic stochasticity (2) environmental stochasticity (3) natural catastrophes (4) genetic stochasticity 生物保育策略 3

研訂 minimum population size n n n (1) Experiments (2) Biogeographic patterns (3) Theoretical

研訂 minimum population size n n n (1) Experiments (2) Biogeographic patterns (3) Theoretical models (4) Simulation models (5) Genetic considerations 生物保育策略 4

Genetic considerations 小族群容易滅絕的原因 n (1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。 n (2) Genetic drift n (3)

Genetic considerations 小族群容易滅絕的原因 n (1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。 n (2) Genetic drift n (3) 環境不斷變動。 生物保育策略 5

Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves. 生物保育策略

Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves. 生物保育策略 9

Fig. 5 a. The Galapagos Islands 生物保育策略 10

Fig. 5 a. The Galapagos Islands 生物保育策略 10

Fig. 5 b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to

Fig. 5 b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28. 6 A 0. 32 生物保育策略 11

Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S=

Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3. 3 A 0. 30 生物保育策略 12

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (a) Map of the Great Basin region

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (a) Map of the Great Basin region of the western United States showing the isolated mountain ranges between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west. 生物保育策略 13

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in the Great Basin. 生物保育策略 14

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal

Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal species. 生物保育策略 15

Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of a single island. 生物保育策略 16

Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of a single island. 生物保育策略 16

Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several islands of varying distances from the

Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several islands of varying distances from the principal source area and of varying size. 生物保育策略 17

Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys,

Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire faunas, consisting almost solely of arthropods, were exterminated by methyl bromide fumigation. 生物保育策略 18

Fig. 11. Baja California 生物保育策略 20

Fig. 11. Baja California 生物保育策略 20

當代的切割理論與生物保育策略 「一大」或是「多小」? n (1) maximizes the mean size of reserves n (2) maximizes the

當代的切割理論與生物保育策略 「一大」或是「多小」? n (1) maximizes the mean size of reserves n (2) maximizes the number of reserves 生物保育策略 23

Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world. 生物保育策略 24

Fig. 4. The distribution of areas of nature reserves in the world. 生物保育策略 24

Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges represent enclosures preventing access

Fig. 14. Diagram of experimental design. Plots with solid edges represent enclosures preventing access by sheep. Broken lines mark delineated plots in the grazed area. 生物保育策略 25

海洋性島嶼 離岸 200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. a. Extant native

海洋性島嶼 離岸 200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands b. Galapagos land birds c. Galapagos Darwin's finches d. Galapagos ferns. 生物保育策略 28

Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic 海洋性島嶼 archipelagos. e. Galapagos insects 離岸 200公里以上

Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic 海洋性島嶼 archipelagos. e. Galapagos insects 離岸 200公里以上 f. Galapagos flowering plants g. Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. 生物保育策略 29

海洋性島嶼 離岸 200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats.

海洋性島嶼 離岸 200公里以上 Fig. 16. Cumulative species-area curves for oceanic archipelagos. g. Caribbean bats. h. Facroes islands ground beetles. i. . Canary Islands birds j. Canary island ground beetles. 生物保育策略 30

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. a. Seabirds on islands off of Scotland. b. Extant marsupials on islands in the Bass Straits. c. Reptiles on islands in the Bass Straits. d. Sand dune mammals on islands in the Bass Straits. 生物保育策略 31

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshore archipelagos. e. Birds of the California Channel islands. f. Reptiles and amphibians of the California Channel islands. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California. 生物保育策略 32

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants

沿岸島嶼 離岸 100 KM以內 Fig. 17. Cumulative species-area curves for nearshores archipelagos. g. Plants of the islands in the Gulf of California. h. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of California. i. Reptiles and amphibians of the islands in the Gulf of California. 生物保育策略 33

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. a. Mammals of East

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. a. Mammals of East African national parks. b. Birds of East African national parks. c. Mountaintop small mammals. d. Mountaintop plants. 生物保育策略 34

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. e. Mountaintop birds f.

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. e. Mountaintop birds f. Birds in New Jersey woodlots g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves. 生物保育策略 35

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of Australian

陸域隔離區 Fig. 18. Cumulative species-area curves for terrestrial habitat isolates. g. Mammals of Australian wheatbelt reserves. h. Lizards of Australian wheatbelt reserves. i. Mammals of U. S. national parks. 生物保育策略 36

Fig. 19 Effect of anthropogenic extinctions on cumulative species-area curves for two island groups.

Fig. 19 Effect of anthropogenic extinctions on cumulative species-area curves for two island groups. a. Extant native birds of the Hawaiian islands b. Extant and fossil birds of the Hawaiian islands. c. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait. d. Marsupials on island in the Bass Strait. 生物保育策略 37

切割棲息地後,所含的生物種類數反而增加, 可能的原因: n n 1. Habitat diversity 2. Population dynamics. n n n n

切割棲息地後,所含的生物種類數反而增加, 可能的原因: n n 1. Habitat diversity 2. Population dynamics. n n n n n Priority effects Multiple stable equilibria Edge effects Disturbance Species pool and dispersal ability. Colonization Evolutionary effects. Extinctions. 3. Historical effects. 生物保育策略 38

Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak morphology between these three species of Darwin's

Fig. 1 The considerable difference in beak morphology between these three species of Darwin's finches, Geospiza, which coexist on many Galapagos islands, has been the subject of much debate concerning its cause. 生物保育策略 41

Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza conirostris shows significant variation on different species

Fig. 2 The beak morphology of Geospiza conirostris shows significant variation on different species on different islands. 生物保育策略 42

Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species of Darwin's finches on three

Fig. 3. The average beak depths of four species of Darwin's finches on three islands where they coexist show considerable variation from island to islands, even though the same set of possible competition occurs on each island. 生物保育策略 43