Human Geography By Brandon Shopland Greg Seselja June

Human Geography By Brandon Shopland & Greg Seselja June 6, 2011 Social Studies 11 – Block 1 Source: http: //www. solstation. com/stars/earth. htm

Global Warming is the current rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere The exaggerated effect of warming temperatures on the Earth Sources: http: //www. zurmat. com/2010/12/22/globalwarming-lets-stop-it/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_warming

• Greenhouse gases: • Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) which comes from the burning of fossil fuels (ex. Coal, oil, natural gas) and wood (9%-26% of greenhouse effect) • Methane (CH 4): from cows expelling gas, rotting garbage, action of termites (4%-9%) • Nitrous Oxides (NOx): from burning fossil fuels, fertilizers, action of termites • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): refrigerants, foams, aerosols • 85%) Burning of Fossil Fuels Source: http: //www. motherearthnews. com/Nature-Community/Global. Warming-Emissions-Dangerous. aspx • Low Level Ozone (O 3): action of sunlight on car exhaust (3%-7%) • Water Vapour: greatest contributor to natural greenhouse effect (responsible for 36% to 66% of the absorption of infrared/long wave radiation; along with clouds (66% to

What Causes Global Warming? • Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: human activities putting more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, resulting in more heat being trapped in the atmosphere (Carbon Dioxide from burning fossil fuels, Nitrous Oxides, Chlorofluorocarbons, Low Level Ozone) • Natural Variation in the climate due to factors such as changes in the earth’s orbit or tilt and changes in energy output from the sun Source: http: //scienceclassblogs. ning. com/forum/topics/envscipd 3578 9 -1 • Urban Heat Island Effect: cities are usually warmer than its surrounding areas because of the heat generated within them and since cities have grown considerably in the last 100 years, they therefore produce more heat Source: http: //scienceblogs. com/startswithabang/2010/10/counterclockwise_but_there_a re. php • Periodic Changes in Ocean Temperatures affect Atmospheric Temperatures: ex: El Niño (warming effect) and La Niña (cooling effect) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Impacts of Global Warming General Impacts: • Ice caps on Mountains in the Tropics and Subtropics melting rapidly (ex. 30 m/year) • Freezing level in the earth’s atmosphere gaining altitude at a rate of approximately 5 m/year “Positive” Impacts • In the Northern hemisphere, spring arrives approximately 8 days earlier than in the 1960’s • Northern expansion of agriculture • Reduction in winter heating costs • Year-round shipping in northern waters • Retreating permafrost in Alaska and Northwest Canada Negative Impacts • Rising Sea levels • Increasing amounts of pests and forest fires • Increased prairie drought • Average Global Temperatures warming 0. 6 degrees Celsius over the past 100 years • Small change in the Average Global Temperatures produce dramatic effects In conclusion, scientists feel that the negative impacts outweigh the positive impacts

Solutions to Global Warming • Transfer cleaner energy technology to developing nations in exchange for carbon credits such as hydroelectric power or Ballard fuel cell) • Help pay off developing nations’ debts in exchange for preservations of tropical rain forest- a carbon sink • Switching from conventional energy sources such as natural gas, coal and oil, to clean renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro and wind energy • Use clean renewable resources which don’t emit greenhouse gases

International Agreements • Kyoto Conference (1997): major industrialized countries (MEDCs) agreed to cut greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5. 2% relative to 1990 levels for 2008 to 2012. Targets included: USA-7%, Canada-6% and Europe-8% (no targets for NICs and LEDCs) • Countries failing to meet these reduced emission standards will receive a 30% penalty on amount missed • Only 17 out of 38 countries are close or have met their Kyoto emission goals. • Copenhagen Accord: The main goal was to limit global warming to no more than 2 degrees Celsius pre-industrial world average. The Accord also concluded that there would be no binding emissions reduction targets for any country and that there would be a $100 billion climate aid fund for the developing world • Cancun Climate Accord: December 2010. Limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius and emissions by MEDCs must fall by 25%-40% below 1990 level. The Accord set a target of working out a “global goal for substantially reducing global emissions by 2050”

Canada’s Contribution for Solution • Proposal of Carbon Tax and Carbon Credits based on a Cap and Trade System • By 2010, if Canada meets their Kyoto target at 6% reduction relative to 1990, 571 Mt CO 2 • In order for Canada to reach the Kyoto target, it must reduce CO 2 productions by 241 Mt which is an actual 30% reduction • As of May 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper indicated that Canada would not be able to meet its Kyoto target since the country’s emissions were 27% above 1990 levels. As a result the country would pursue a “Made in Canada” strategy to deal with climate change. The Canada Clean Air Act would be put forward in the Fall of 2006. British Columbia Reduces In 2007, the government of British Columbia announced its Climate Change Action Plan which beginning on July 1, 2008, called for a 1/3 cut relative to 2006 in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. They would work with the government of California to create a system of “green ports” along the Pacific Coast and to build a network of hydrogen fuelling stations to promote the development of fuel-cell cars.

Ozone Depletion The Ozone layer located in the Stratosphere is important to humans because it filters out the UVB and UVC rays but not UVA rays. Chlorofluorocarbons play a big role in Ozone Depletion and as a result, layers in the Ozone form holes/ Source: http: //www. coolantarctica. com/Antarctica%20 fact%20 file/science/ ozone_hole. htm

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) which are used in aerosol sprays, fridges, air conditioners, solvents, foams, and fire extinguishers. CFCs are stable, durable, resistant to being dissolved by rain, versatile and are non-flammable • Methyl Bromide which is a highly effective fumigant used to control insects and pathogens in more than 100 crops • Halons which extremely effective fire extinguishing agents CFCs are used in aerosol spays Source: http: //peer. tamu. edu. curriculum_ modules/Ecosystems/hazards. ozone. htm • The huge problem with CFCs is that since they are very stable, they have a very extensive lifespan which allows them to stay in the atmosphere and travel throughout it. • Ex: CFC-11: 50 years CFC-12: 102 years CFC-115: 1700 years

Source : http: //www. makeitgreen. webs. come/Ozone depletion. html The Depletion of the Ozone layer is caused by primarily Chlorine and Bromine gases entering the Stratosphere and being broken down by the Sun’s solar radiation. As a result, the trapped Chlorine and Bromine particles break down the Ozone Particle which consists of 3 Oxygen atoms (O 3) located in the Stratosphere

The Impacts of Ozone Depletion • Crop damage • Cataracts which damage the eyes • Immune system suppression such as shingles • 1% drop in the ozone layer = 1% more UVB rays reaching the earth Source: http: //www. missjamiedee. com/? cat=36 • Higher skin cancer rates including melanoma

Solutions To Ozone Depletion Alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals include: The Sun breaks down chlorine and bromine gases entering the stratosphere • Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which have some depletion but not as much as CFCs • Hydroflurocarbons (HFCs) which have no impact on the ozone layer but are up to 12500 times more potent than CO₂ on a per unit basis as a greenhouse gas Source: http: //www. betweentalk. com/blog/2010/08/lastminute-summer-to-do-list/cartoon-sun/ People can protect themselves from ozone depletion by: • wearing a t-shirt on sunny days, • covering up with sun screen, • wearing sunglasses and/or hat and as a result, there is 78% better protection

• The International Community has set a phase out schedule for ozone depleting chemicals • MEDCs have agreed to phase out CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride (which has a 42 -year atmosphere lifespan) and methyl chloroform by 1996 and methyl bromide by 2005 • NICs and LEDs say that they will phase out CFCs by 2010 and methyl bromide by 2015 • The Multilateral Fund has helped developing nations reduce their dependency on ozone depleting chemicals as of July 2008 • However, as of Fall 2007, MEDCs have agreed to cut HCFCs by 2020, and NICs and LEDCs agreed to cut HCFCs by 2030

Canada’s and British Columbia’s Efforts • On a national scale, the Canadian Government is fighting ozone depletion by the production and import of CFC’s phased out by January 1, 1996 and methyl bromide phased out by January 1, 2005. The production and import of HCFCs will be phased out by January 1, 2020 • The provincial government of British Columbia is mandating the recovery of ozone destroying substances prior to equipment disposal. For example, CFCs can be recycled.

Acid Rain Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that has a p. H of less than 5. 6, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low p. H) Source: http: //www. darentiff. com/worship/2009/08/lakewood-hope-for-today-abundance-of-rain/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acid_rain

Sources of Acid Rain: sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and nitric oxide (NO) coming from burning coal and gasoline engines • Use the sky as a garbage dump, build taller smokestacks to carry pollutants away “out of sight, out of mind” to get rid of sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide. As a result, build up of acidic pollutants in the atmosphere evaporating and then precipitating as acid rain “Pollution knows no borders”

What Causes Acid Rain? • Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere • Sulphuric and Nitric Acids are formed when water vapour reacts with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions • The Gases travel due to the wind and dissolves in the rain water The process of acid rain and the effects of it Source : http: //myecoproject. org/get-involved/pollution/acidrain/

Impacts of Acid Rain on the Environment: • Dying forests • Release of toxic metals into waterways which kill fish and plants Impacts of Acid Rain on Humans: • Weathering statues and buildings • Breathing in air pollution can harm infants and the elderly in particular • Acids in drinking water can release heavy metals such as lead from distribution pipes Dying forests are a major effect of acid rain precipitation Source : http: //www. solcomhouse. com/acidrain. htm

Solutions to Acid Rain and International Agreements • 1990 US Clean Air Act: makes restrictions on sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide emissions • Install scrubbers in smokestacks • Wash coal • Improve vehicle emission systems • Switch from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas to renewable energy resources such as wind and hydro • As individuals, people can do the littlest things like recycling waste, riding a bike instead of driving a car, using public transit, carpooling, and they will make a difference in conserving energy

Source: http: //www. tropical-r -animals. com/air-pollution. htm

Problems of General Air Pollution • Smog containing carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, particulate matter from incomplete combustion • Major Contributors = cars = industrial processes = ships • Carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels (i. e. coal, oil, and natural gas) and wood • Thermal inversion: a layer of warm air traps pollutants in a cold layer below it; made worse by the topography of the Fraser Valley; occurs under calm, clear, stagnant conditions Aerial View of Thermal Inversion Source: http: //watchingtheworldwakeup. blogspot. com/2009/01/ all-about-inversions. html Source: http: //watchingtheworldwakeup. blogspot. com/2009/01/allabout-inversions. html

• Eye, nose, throat irritation • Respiratory problems (i. e. Bronchitis, asthma) • Increased heart problems and increased health costs • Damage to crops • Reduced visibility • Increased CO 2 leads to an enhanced greenhouse effect and associated problems

Solutions • Plant trees: urban green spaces • No burn days etc • Air Quality Monitoring • Air Care: keep car tuned up “Think Globally, Act Locally” (Dr. David Bellamy • Gasoline alternatives: methanol and ethanol • Make home more energy efficient i. e. upgrade insulation, furnace, Windows • Go green: walk, bike, carpool, transit • Efficient wood burning stoves • Hybrid vehicles and eventually zero emission vehicles utilizing the hydrogen fuel cell • Need an international agreement to regulate ship emissions Source: Clip Art

Canada and USA agree Canada and USA Clean Air Treaty • Power Plants and industrial sourced to cut nitrogen oxide emissions (burning fossil fuels) by 50% to 75% by 2004 • Cutting these emissions will help reduce the production of ground-level ozone (a major pollutant) • Cutting these emissions will also help reduce acid rain • Canada also plans to tighten vehicle emission standards and bring them into line with the USA

World Food Supplies A abundance of different foods which are produced all over the world Source: http: //hanksthinktank. com/food-glorious-food

Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives such as the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers, that increased agriculture production around the world beginning in the late 1960 s Increased use of various technologies such as pesticides, herbicides are an initiative of the Green Revolution Definition and Image Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_Revolution

Advantages to the Green Revolution • The green revolution allows us to produce more food in less space • Less space means there is more room for are ever growing population • Less people have to be farmers which means they can be employed in other sectors of the workplace to improve our economy • Irrigation- will not have to depend on rainfall for crop survival • Pesticides and Herbicides will be used to get rid of insects, pests and kill unwanted plants such as weed. This will allow more room for crops to grow and much greater chances of gaining nutrients • Fertilizers will help speed up the process of growing crops and provide nutrients to them Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_Revolution

Disadvantages to the Green Revolution • Pesticides can be potentially toxic to humans and animals • Fertilizers which have very high levels of nitrogen in runoffs, can cause oxygen depletion in water and can potentially mix with groundwater and contaminate i • When used improperly, irrigation is a large waste of water and can damage the soil if used improperly • Nitrogen run off from fertilizers can get in the ground water and cause “blue baby syndrome” Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_Revolution

• The Gene Revolution is the application of bio-technology in food production which has great potential to farmers as it provides them with disease-free planting material and develops crops that resist pests and diseases, reducing use of chemicals that harm the environment and the health of human-beings. • It refers to Genetically Modified Foods which are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. • Through genetic engineering techniques, genetically modified organisms have had changes introduced into their DNA Sources: http: //articles. timesofindiatimes. com/2010 -08 -08/open-space/28321178_1_gene-revolution-diseases-new-products http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food

• Better Protection against diseases and pests • Genetic modification is much more precise than mutation breeding known as mutagenesis where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a nonspecific but stable change Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food#Health_risks

Disadvantages to Gene Revolution • Many people prefer eating natural foods rather than genetically modified foods, so economically, sales could be lower • Traces of pesticides in genetically modified foods exposed to humans • Sine genetically modifying technologies are somewhat expensive, poorer and smaller farming communities may struggle to have these technologies This will affect their ability to compete with other leading competitors around the world Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food#Health_risks

• Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and control pests on a farm. Essentially, it minimizes the use of chemicals and genetically modified organisms in the process. Organic farming excludes or strictly limits the use of: • manufactured fertilizers • pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) • plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock, antibiotics, food additives and genetically modified organisms Sustainable agriculture is the fastest-growing sector of the food industry. On the other hand, less than 1% of American cropland is farmed organically. Source: http: //www. triplepundit. com/2009/10/organicfarming-and-the-future-of-food/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organic_farming

Advantages to Organic Farming • Poison-free: no use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides and other chemicals • Beneficial for organic farms since organic food is much more expensive, they make larger profits • Food tastes better since there are no traces of synthetic chemicals to ruin the natural flavour • The overall nutrition is better and has better vitamin and mineral content Source: http: //www. small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainableliving. com/advantages_and_disadvantages_organic_farming. html

Disadvantages to Organic Farming • Organic Farms produce organic foods which comes in smaller quantities and making it more expensive for consumers to buy • Organic foods which do not use chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides tend to be prone to pest and disease infestation which can result in huge crop growth and profit loss • Organic foods, especially fruit are sometimes found with traces of E. Coli and other harmful pathogens • Organic foods tend to take a longer time period to grow whereas the process in genetically modified foods is much faster Source: http: //www. small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living. com/advantages_and_disadvantages_organic_farming. html

Every Drop Counts Source: http: //www. webbofscience. com/2009/06/06/molecule-of-the-week-water/

Problems with World Water Supplies • In 2025, 2/3 of the world’s population will be affected by a shortage of water • In 1995 20% of the world’s population was affected by a water shortage • 97% of the worlds water is undrinkable seawater and 2% of it is polar ice caps • The average family in the US uses about 2000 litres of water a day while some people survive on only 150 litres a day “If you are going to have resource use regulations, make sure they are enforced with meaningful consequences for violations” • Even if the water is available it might be unsafe to drink (rivers and streams contaminated with pesticides from agriculture, industrial water from manufacturing plants and untreated sewage) • Africa has the least amount of safe water supply

Source: http: //www. climate. org/topics/water. html

• Turn off the tap when not in use • Charging higher prices for water • Repairing leaky pipes Solutions • Fines for water waste • Recycling wastewater for urban irrigation • Trickle-drip irrigation • Micro Irrigation (small amounts of water applied to plant roots • Industrial water recycling • Replacing toilets with smaller volume toilet tanks (6 litres) • Advertising campaigning to restrict water usage Recycling water is just one way to save it Source: http: //www. zazzle. ca/recycle_sign_stick 217515315060579586 • Low-flow shower heads • Lawn sprinkling regulations • Desalinization Plants-factories that separate salt and other minerals from water, however, they Sources: http: //www. consumerenergyreport. com/2009/05/08/9 -steps-to-making-you are expensive and use up too much energy -sustainable-and-relevant/

Source: http: //web. uvic. ca/~wetlands/

1. Habitat for unique plants and species 2. Filters air pollution and releases oxygen 3. Carbon and Methane sink Source: http: //www. westperth. com/comevisit/thingstodo. html Geese are home to many different wetlands, especially in the Lower Mainland

Filtering of sediments stabilizes the wetland 4. Soaks up potential flood water “Bottom Up” Approach to resource management. Ex: Involve local people in solutions” 5. Filters water and releases nutrients to aquatic species such as fish 6. Provides Nutrients 7. Educational tool Source: http: //geoscape. nrcan. gc. ca/h 2 o/bowen/images/wetlands_e. jpg http: //www. westfordma. gov/pages/government/towndepartments/boardsandco mmittees/Westford. MA_concomm/pr 2

FORESTS Source: http: //www. topnews. in/green-bonus-saving-forests-2230876

Reasons for Cutting down the Tropical Rainforest • Beef cattle grazing area • Fuel wood collection • Dam Projects • Mining and industrial development Source: http: //thebeginningfarmer. blogspot. com/2007/11/more-ultra -high-density-grazing. html • Slash and burn agriculture for subsistence farming and large scale commercial crops • Logging valuable tree species; national governments sell logging concessions to raise money for projects, to pay international debts, or to develop industry

Source: http: //saferenvironment. wordpress. com/2008/08/20/rainforest-conservation-%E 2%80%93 -challenges-of-addressing-deforestation-issues/

• Loss of carbon sink; climatic changes • Loss of oxygen generator • Loss of air pollution filter • Loss of species (The tropical rain forests cover 7% of the earths land surface, but are home to over 50% of all species) • Loss of medicines

Map of Canada’s Boreal Forest / Source: http: //newswatch. nationalgeographic. com/2009/11/12/boreal_forest_protection

• 21 member companies of the Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) and 9 leading environmental organizations agreed to the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement • The agreement applies to 72 million hectares of public forest licensed to FPAC members and stops logging on nearly 29 million hectares of forest in Canada. The agreement focuses on the following main points: • The development of world leading forest management and harvesting practices • The completion of joint proposals for networks of protected areas and the recovery of species at risk including woodland caribou • A full life cycle approach to forest carbon management • Support for the economic future of forest communities and for the recognition of conservation achievements in the global marketplace “We do not inherit the land…and the sea…from our forefathers. We borrow it from our children. ”(Haida Native quote)

• The world population is estimated to be 6. 92 billion by the United States Census Bureau • If we could shrink the world’s population to just 100 people, there would be : 57 Asians 21 Europeans 14 Americans (S. American, N. America) 8 Africans Comparing an over populated society to the world that they live in / Source: http: //rayharvey. org/index. php/tag/overpopulation

Definition: the pattern of where people live in an area. Describes the way in which people are spread out across the earth’s surface On the following map, larger areas represent more populated areas Source: http: //bigthink. com/ideas/21146

Population Density Definition: a figure calculated by dividing the total population of a region by the area of a region. Expressed in persons/km 2 World Map showing population density, darker colours representing more dense populations Source: http: //www. theglobaleducationproject. org/earth/human-conditions. php

Demographic Transition Model • Shows the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops their economy from a pre-industrialized economy to an industrialized economy, and the total population growth. • Ranked from stage 1 to 5 with 1 being primarily tribes, 2 being agriculturally-based societies (LEDCs), 3 being urbanizing and more industrialized societies (NICs), 4 being service based economies (most MEDCs) and 5 with having birth rates below death rates (some MEDCs)

Source: http: //www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geogra phy/population/pop_changerev 4. shtml Demographic Transition Model

Examples of Countries in Stages 2 -5 of the DTM Stage 2: LEDs including Sierra Leone and Kenya Stage 3: NICs such as India, China and Brazil Stage 4: Most MEDCs. For example, Canada and the United Kingdom Stage 5: Some MEDCs such as Austria, Italy and Japan

Kenya’s Population Pyramid – 2008 Early Expanding (Stage 2) LEDCs China’s Population Pyramid - 2010 Expanding (Stage 3) NICs Sources: http: //www. us-passport-service-guide. com/kenya-population. html http: //www. asiahealthcareblog. com/2009/08/01/dukebeijing-day-4 -long-term-care-insurance-and-chinas-elderly/

Canada’s Population Pyramid – 2005 Stable (Stage 4) Most MEDCs Japan’s Population Pyramid – 2010 Contracting (Stage 5) Some MEDCs Source: http: //www. nationmaster. com/country/ca/Age_distribution http: //www. nationmaster. com/country/ja/Age_distribution

Factors Affecting Fertility • Wealth • Education • Cultural and Religious Beliefs • Access to Contraception Factors which contribute to higher fertility rates in poor countries/regions • Lack of education for females • Lack of access to contraception • Higher infant mortality rates adds pressure to having more children to ensure that at least some will survive to help on the farm and take care of their parents in their old age • In certain countries, cultural preferences for boys encourages having more children until sons are produced

Population and Resources: Arguments for Population Control The population of the world is increasing exponentially. The population needs to be controlled because o the earth will not be able to support our massive population. For example, there will not be enough resources to support our massive population in future years, and over crowding will be a huge problem for society in future years Source: http: //www. glogster. com/media/7/37/40/64/37406462. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //ww w. glogster. com/glog. php%3 Fglog_id%3 D 20213862%26 scale%3 D 54%26 isp

Population and Resources: Arguments Against Population Control • A couple should not be forced to kill there new born baby even if it is an “extra” child • People should not have control over how many children a couple chooses to have • Imbalance of boys to girls creates problems in society Ex: China’s One Child Policy (killing baby girls until a couple has a boy) • If people can use resources wisely and save as much as possible, there are greater chances for a better populated society in the future

China’s One Child Policy China’s National Flag Source: http: //blogs. vetteweb. com/6360553/miscellaneous/chinese-carmakers-to-buy-gm-says-paper/index. html

Rewards “When humans try to manipulate or control nature on a major scale, often problems arise. ” • Cash Payments • Preference in education, housing, health care and jobs • Free vasectomies, abortions and other birth controls A popular Chinese advertisement supporting the One Child Policy Penalties • Fines (as high as 200, 000 Yuan, equal to $28, 000 CDN) • Potential job loss • Less salary • Bank loan decline • Higher medical costs However, In rural areas couples may have a second child Source: http: //www. chinadecoded. com/2010/03/24/china-one-child-policy/

• Wealthy and famous people are just paying the fines and having multiple children • More males than females are being born which will result in long term consequences in society (ratio = 103 -107 boys for every 100 girls) • A very large aging population with less young people to support them • Moral issues surrounding abortion • Should a government have the right to dictate to people that they cannot have children? • There will be an increase in men looking for spouses but will not find any due to the scarce amount, and will have no better option than to join the military

Rwanda Genocide Rwanda’s National. Flag Source: http: //tbabetburnit. glogster. com/Rwanda/

• The term “genocide” came from the two components “genos” meaning race and “cide” meaning killing. Putting the two together would create “race killing” • Polish Jewish lawyer Rafal Lemkin, who lost his family in the Holocaust created the term

• There has been a long history of conflict between the Hutus which make up 84% of the population and the Tutsi which make up 15% of the population • During colonial era, the Tutsi held control under Belgian rule • After independence in 1959, Huti began to kill 10 000 Tutsi and therefore seized control. Around 120 000 Tutsis had fled Rwanda and formed a guerrilla group called the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) • On April 6, 1994, Hutu President Habyarimana was killed in a mysterious plane crash and as a result and Hutu extremists took over the government and started a genocide against the Tutsis. The Hutus had blamed the Tutsis for Habyarimana for his death • Throughout the 14 week period, roughly 800 000 to 1 million Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians were murdered

• The RPF-controlled Tutsis led by Rwandan President Paul Kagame retaliated and a civil war had started. UN Troops were forced to pull out. • The RPF had most of the control in Rwanda by July 1994, but 2 million Hutu civilians and militia fled the country and travelled to Zaire and Tanzania causing a massive refugee crisis Around 2 million Hutu civilians fled Rwanda to escape the war Source: http: //allafrica. com/stories/201010010786. html

• Dallaire recommended that 4500 UN peacekeepers maintain the peace agreement between the Hutus and Tutsis but only got 2600 peacekeeper • Evidenced showed that all Tutsis were being registered and that weapon caches were being established Gen. Roméo Dallaire in Rwanda – 1994 • The United Nations had ordered a complete pullout of all UN peacekeepers, but Dallaire refused to because it would be immoral • Dallaire blamed the international community for the massacre “Global Citizenship is part of the notion that human beings have responsibilities to one another and a responsibility to care for the global environment. Cooperative action must be taken amongst peoples to bring about practical and positive change” Source: http: //axiomamuse. wordpress. com/2010/07/06/about-rwanda/

Clean and pleasant service-based City VS Poor and polluted agriculturally-based Village Source: http: //www. centralequity. com. au/s_about_melbourne. php http: //kaffirboyelective. wikispaces. com/Apartheid+Life

United Nations Human Development Index a summary measure of human development which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of Human Development: • A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth • Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with 2/3 weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with 1/3 rate) • A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (PPP US$)

General Location: North America, Australia, and North West Europe Legend MEDCs: Blue LEDCs: Red NICs: Orange Source: http: //blackgradsdavis. com/index. php? option=com_awiki&view=mediawiki&article=Developing_country? qsrc=3044

Five Country Examples of • Iceland MEDCs • Norway • Canada • Australia • Ireland National Flags Going clockwise from top left: Iceland, Canada, Australia, Ireland Source: http: //www. travelpod. com/travel-photo/marjorieboulet/1/1271583704/canada-s-flag. gif/tpod. html http: //flagspot. net/flags/is-hist. html, http: //www. 33 ff. com/flags/worldflags/Ireland_flag. html, http: //www. australiasouvenir. com/products/Australian-Flag-90 x 150 cm. html

Key Characteristics of MEDCs • Life expectancy greater than 75 years • Food Availability is large with more than 3000 daily calories person • More than 95% of people 15 and older have adequate literacy skills • 95%-100% of the population has safe drinking water • Fertility rates are low with 1 -1. 9 children born to childbearing women over their lifetime assuming the rates remain constant • Overall, high HDI rank

Poverty Issues in MEDCs Studies of poverty in the developed world focus on social exclusion such as: • Long term unemployment • Lack of functional literacy which is a complex and persistent deprivation difficult to eliminate in all countries • Lack of disposable income (little income, no leftover income after paying for all basic living expenses “Making ends meat” or “Living from paycheck to paycheck”)

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) Central Africa, parts of Southern Asia Legend MEDCs: Blue LEDCs: Red NICs: Orange Source: http: //blackgradsdavis. com/index. php? option=com_awiki&view=mediawiki&article=Developing_country? qsrc=3044

Five Country Examples of LEDCs • Sierra Leone • Central African Republic • Liberia • Mozambique National Flags Going clockwise from top left: Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Liberia, Central African Republic • Niger Source: http: //www. travelhouseuk. co. uk/travel. Gallery/index. php/flags-635972887/sierra-leone-flag, http: //mozambiquebymushana. wikispaces. com/, http: //flagspot. net/flags/lr. html, https: //www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct. html

Key Characteristics of LEDCs • Life expectancy 55 years or less • Scarce amounts of food with less than 2000 daily calories person • 0%-40% of people age 15 and older have adequate literacy skills • 0%-25% of the population have safe drinking water leaving the rest of the population with unsafe drinking water which leads to illness and disease • Fertility rates are high with over 6 children born to childbearing women over their lifetime assuming the rates remain constant

Poverty issues of the developing world include: • Hunger which results in vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition • epidemics such as aids, malaria, and cholera • Illiteracy (poor education) • lack of health services (no health care, lack of educated doctors) • Lack of safe drinking water