Interrogation History Romans Torture to get info History

Interrogation

History • Romans – Torture to get info

History • Civil War – Andersonville “Prison”, Georgia – Soldiers just kept out of war • No value to prisoner • 8, 000 died from conditions

History • World War 2 – Value seen in prisoners but no specially trained interrogation teams

Psychology of a Prisoner • Capture induces stress – Adrenalin levels high (Fight or Flight) • Anxiety develops as a by-product of fear of unknown – “thinking brain” shuts down – Protective/ Reactionary brain turned on • No captive memories to draw from (it’s a new experience)

Psychology of a Prisoner • Left alone, the prisoner starts to have thoughts of failure • Dependency of life’s needs are with guards • Prisoner returns to dependent times of his life

• “Any condition that create unease, restlessness, instability and or unpredictability give you experiences in common with a prisoner of war” Hartley and Karinch, 2005

Interrogation Process • Review statements, police and lab reports, evidence

Interview Room • • No Distractions Privacy Illusion 2 way mirror and sound system Suspect chair fixed vs. interviewer chairs on wheels (All about control) • Little furniture- to give feeling of isolation and exposure

Can’t: • • Deny restroom Deny access to medication Beat suspect Deny access to lawyer

Interview over if: • Suspect demands a lawyer…

Interview Steps • Establish control and tell which seat suspect sits in • Get into suspect’s personal space • Inform of rights (-Most waive rights) • Gather information – Establish rapport – Broad, open-ended questions (“Shoot the Breeze”) – Once comfortable, ask more specific questions

Interrogation Models 1. Suspect Decision-Making Model a. Tell suspect options and consequences 2. Cognitive-Behavioral Model a. Exhaust suspect till breakdown 3. Psychoanalytical Model a. Encourage to remove burden of guilt feeing 4. Emotional Model a. Play on fears of embarrassment, financial mess, retaliation

Body Language-Hands – Power and confidence – Aggressive

Body Language-Eyes • Up and Right=Deception

Body Language

Biology of Stress and Signs of Deception • Sympathetic Nervous System • Adrenal Glands – Stress hormones: cortisol, DHEA and adrenalin

Stress Effects • Blood routed away from face and skin and to the muscles – cool skin but hotter core=clammy – Skin pale • Blood routed away from digestive and repro systems – feel butterflies or sick in stomach – Lips become pale • Glucose levels raised, body scavenges from mucosa – See white residue in corners of mouth

Stress Effects • Primitive brain (limbic system, medulla) more active than higher brain (cerebral cortex) – – Emotional Shoulders drawn higher in prep for defense or escape Elbows close to ribs Palms down, hands close to forming a fist • Heart beat increased – shoulders rise and fall rapidly – Hear chest pounding

Stress Effects • Increased cellular respiration and breathing rate – feel flushed and hot – Nostrils flared • Increase sweating to cool down from metabolic jump – Distinctive fight or flight body odor – Animals do really smell fear! • Pupils dilate – Seen squinting

Recovery • Parasympathetic Nervous System: – You have the need to peee – You want a drink because you feel mouth is dry – Adrenalin and sugar rush cause hands to start to shake – Face flushes and becomes warm

Biology to get the truth • • You can’t cover flashing pupils You can’t conceal dilated facial pores You can’t cover sagging facial muscles You can’t cover thinning lips (from lose of blood flow)

Why do people lie?

Answer • Love (note: self preservation is self love) – Ex. “I didn’t shoot the sheriff!” – Ex. “That dress looks great on you!” • Hate – Ex. “No, there are no more bombs in the building!” • Greed – Ex. Taxes, resumes…

When is an untruth not a lie?

Answer Faulty Eyewitness Testimony

How do we lie? • Omission (Woops did I leave that part out? ) • Commission – Total Lie – Easy to fall apart during questioning • Embellish truth • Transfer – Take someone else's truth – Easy to fall apart during questioning

How to detect a liar? • Step One – Get baseline behavior – Subject sits comfortably

Lying Exercise-Handout • • What’s your name? Do you have brothers or sisters? What are their names? What is the worst thing that they did to you? • What is the worst thing you did to them? • Have you done anything to anyone that made you disgusted with yourself?

Signs of a Lie • • • Change in: Pitch, Tone, Word Choice (From casual to chosen words) Lose of enunciation (ie. Clear speaking) Longer answer response time Trailing= Loud then end of sentence is soft Eye Movement – Down left=Calculation – Down right=Emotion – Pupil dilate and contract

Signs of a Lie • • • Ears turn red (before face) Nose twitches Facial micro-gestures Body shifts Finger taping, hand brushing on table