INDUSTRY IMMIGRATION PROGRESSIVISM 1870 1920 What is going

INDUSTRY, IMMIGRATION, & PROGRESSIVISM (1870 -1920)

What is going on in America? • The Civil War is over • Tensions between North an South are still strong • African American slaves are now free, but without many rights • Industry is taking over the North • The Gilded Age --OR-- The Progressive Era

The Gilded Age • The Big Four: • Natural Resources (oil, iron ore, coal) • Capital (Robber Barons/Captains of Industry, Factories) • Labor Force (Immigrants) • Markets (Imperialism)

Immigration

Push and Pull Factors • Push Religious persecution • Overpopulation (land, resources, and jobs) • Political turmoil • Famine • • Pull To live freer, independent lives • Gold (get rich) • Work (plentiful jobs) •

Ellis Island • • • East Coast processing facility (European Immigrants) Cursory inspection of 1 st and 2 nd class on board Doctors used chalk to write on clothes (6 sec. physicals) Interpreter with inspector About 10% failed & went to detention to await hearingoften for weeks Head tax of 50 cents each 2% sent home Closed in 1954 40% of Americans can trace ancestry to Ellis Island 75% of NY-first gen. or immigrants

Ellis Island • Video Clip – • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. DNKHWz. Qiz 8

Angel Island • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 rz 5 wh. By. Ots (Stop at 4: 50)

Angel Island • West coast immigrant processing facility (Asian Immigrants) • Official center from 1910 -1940 • Lengthy waiting periods “When we arrived, they locked us up like criminals in compartments like the cages at the zoo. Held in these ‘cages’ for weeks, often months, individuals were subjected to rounds of interrogations to assess the legitimacy of their immigration applications. ”

Social Culture • Nativism Protecting interests of Native-born • Anti-immigrant • Led to violence • Favors assimilation • • Assimilation Fitting into American culture • Easier for English speakers • Difficult for Chinese in California • • Que, Opium, bachelor, religion, language, etc…

Immigration Legislation • Chinese Exclusion Act • Prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers • Due to lack of assimilation and stifling labor opportunities(Especially CA) • Lasted from 1882 -1943 • Chinese built railroads • Act made current Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U. S. citizenship • Gentleman’s Agreement Between U. S. and Japan. • No immigration restrictions for skilled Japanese(teachers) and San Francisco schools stopped segregation, due to threat to Americans in Japan •

Immigration by Numbers • 27. 5 million new arrivals between 1865 and 1918 (89% were European) • After 1910, most immigrants were from non. English speaking countries • Italy, Germany, etc… • Immigrants provided the labor for the expansion of industry and agriculture • Immigration Act of 1924 -2% of each nationality(quotas)

Big Money and Industry

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry Andrew Carnegie • Steel Tycoon • 4 th richest man ever • • Gave away 90 -94% of earnings “Gospel of Wealth” J. P. Morgan John D. Rockefeller • Oil Tycoon • Banking Tycoon • With inflation-richest person in history • • Medical research philanthropist Arranged merger to form G. E. and merged steel companies • Had power in congress • low wages--low prices, then spiked prices • World’s largest business organization in 1901

Industry and the Workplace(2 slides) • Monopoly when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity • Rockefeller’s Standard Oil was so far below his competitor’s prices that he was accused of monopolizing the industry. • Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world but ended in 1911, when the Supreme Court ruled it an illegal monopoly. • Standard Oil trust was dissolved into 33 smaller companies (Chevron). • • Trusts Stocks in companies held by trustees (a third party) and ran as one business • Not legal – creates a monopoly • Oil Company 2 Oil Company 1 Standard Oil (Rockefeller) Oil Company 4 Oil Company 3

Industry and the Workplace cont… • Philanthropy (Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth”) • • Laissez-faire • • promoting human welfare by giving back to the community Means “let it be” and implies hands off government where businesses are free from government intrusion Social Darwinism • Survival of the fittest in society

Steel • Steel/new technology (iron to steel) • Bridges, railroads, barbed wire, skyscrapers, farm equipment, etc… • Bessemer revolutionized steel manufacture: • Decreased its cost • Increased the scale and speed of production • Decreased the labor requirements

Changes for the Workplace • Workers did not have many rights • • • 12 -14 hours per day 6 -7 days a week No vacation or sick leave No worker’s comp Poor conditions-675 worker deaths per week Women in the workforce From 5% to 40% in 1910 • Clerical work due to phone and typewriter inventions •

The Assembly Line • Frederick Winslow Taylor-scientific management Single task over and over • Decreasing required movement • • Henry Ford made it big(moving assembly line) • • • No variation in automobiles Men hired to visit homes of workers Often paid in scrip Housing supplied Less power over their lives Eventually $5. 00 a day (major increase)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • Manhattan- March 25, 1911 • Deaths of 146 garment workers– 123 women and 23 men • Smoke inhalation, or falling or jumping to their deaths. • • Most of the victims were recent Jewish and Italian immigrant women aged sixteen to twenty-three Owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits • prevent breaks and theft • 52 hour work week for $7 -12 ($3. 50 -5. 50 an hour today) • The fire led to legislation Improved safety standards • helped spur the growth of Unions •

Industrialism • Labor Unions • Supported workers’ rights and were dreaded by big businessmen. • Bargain/negotiate strikes, wages, conditions, safety standards • The American Federation of Labor (AFL), founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers

Industrialism cont… • Labor Laws • In 1882 there were 675 workplace deaths per 100, 000 (4 today) • 1899 annual income- Men averaged $498 and women averaged $267 • (Today $55. 5 thousand vs. $41. 8) • Child labor • 20% of boys and 10% of girls under 15 held full time jobs(no school) • https: //www. youtube. com/watc h? v=ejc 8 o. DOc. N_o

Urbanization • Urbanization Growth of cities 25% of Americans (on average) lived in urban areas by 1870, 30% by 1900, and 50%by 1920 • In 1904 1/3 of the people in the city were close to starving to death • • • Disease Unpaved streets Low wages allowed little opportunity for improvement • • • Shops and dept. stores Entertainment Transportation systems Industry created jobs, which brought people to the city as well as:

Tenements • Where many immigrants lived • About 7 people in 325 sq feet

San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 • 7. 9 magnitude sparked a number of fires in San Francisco and ruined 85% of the city • 200, 000 to 300, 000 people displaced • Around 3, 000 killed • Many deaths in Chinatown ignored and unreported • Shook from S. Oregon down to L. A. and over to Nevada • Redirected traffic, trade, and port to L. A. , which became a bigger city • Damage was about $400 million (today-over 8 billion)

San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 • This was the first natural disaster to be photographed and filmed • Fires burned 4 days, Fire Chief died in initial quake • Standard oil and Andrew Carnegie both gave 100, 000 for relief and other countries raised money. • Idaho and Utah citizens sent Daily bread • Earthquake led to scientists understanding quakes better(seismic activity, epicenter, etc…)

Inventors and Technology

Wright Brothers First to Fly • Orville and Wilbur • Built and flew first airplane • Gliders, Bicycles, and flyers

Thomas Edison Inventions: • Light bulb (Power plants emerge) • Telegraph, Phonograph, x-rays, cameras, typewriters, fans, sewing machines, combustion engines, etc… • Earliest version of video camera for motion pictures

Henry Ford Motors • Brilliant Businessman • Founder of Ford Motor Company • Anti-Semitic • Friendship with Thomas Edison • Woodrow Wilson asked him to run for a seat in the Senate • Determined pay and hour standard • • • Used moving assembly line and mass production Created affordable vehicle for average American (Model-T for $825 in 1908 and dropped to $189) Well-liked by Hitler and the Nazis 48/40 (6 to 5 days) $5. 00 day

Alexander Graham Bell Primary inventor of the telephone • 1847 -1922 • 30 patents (18 of his own)

The Brooklyn Bridge • Completed in 1883, spanned 1595 feet • Called wonder of the world • • HEIGHT AND WEIGHT BEARING STRUCTURE Start of skyscrapers (Bessemer steel)

Politics & Progressivism

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: • SOCIAL MOVEMENT • • A group of people or organization focused on bringing attention to/changing a specific social or political issue SOCIAL MOVEMENT MAKE-UP: • • • It spreads Organized with clear goals Sustainable chatter Advocacy and belief Critical mass https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=vi. MKZJq. CLSg

Character cards: Read through your card a couple times and mark it up • Identify the following and fill out the first line on your note catcher What do you care about? • Accomplishments? • Goals? •

Politics (2 slides) • Progressives sought three types of change Social Reform • Economic Reform • Political Reform •

Legislation • 17 th Amendment established direct election of U. S. Senators by popular vote rather than state legislatures • Also allows Governor to fill vacancies rather than state legislature • • 19 th Amendment https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=L 9 rh. PBm. Soo. M • Were against traditional women (“grow beards”) • Allowed women the right to vote, ratified Aug. 18 th, 1920 • Introduced 41 years earlier by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (14 th amendment) •

Muckrakers • US journalists who exposed corruption in politics and business • “Raking up the muck” • Examples: • Upton Sinclair-The Jungle • Ida Tarbell-Standard Oil

Populism • Populism Thought government was only serving the needs of commercial trusts and they wanted a party that served the needs of those outside of big business • Made up of farmers • Populist platform focused on the common man • • Issues of land, railroads and money, including the unlimited coinage of silver. "raise less corn and more hell". • Their thoughts: Increasing the volume of money would indirectly raise prices for farm products and drive up industrial wages, thus allowing debts to be paid with inflated dollars. • 1890 elections saw a surge in populist party • Populist, William Jennings Bryan (sec of state) won dem. nom. for president and dems absorbed populists(3 rd party)

Politics • Spoils System When a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party • Tammany Hall (Tweed) • • • It controlled Democratic Party nominations and political patronage in Manhattan from 1854 through 1932. Sherman Anti-trust Act Prohibits certain anti-competitive business activities • Requires the fed. Govt. to investigate and pursue trusts •

Theodore Roosevelt • Before he was President • Wife and mother died on the same day • Rough Riders (next unit) • Mc. Kinley was assassinated and T. R. became president • Police Commissioner in NYC • Presidency • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Great White Fleet • Re-elected in 1904 • Progressive President • “Square deal” • “Trust Busting” • Accomplishments: • National Parks • Panama Canal • Post-Presidency • Hunter-traveled in the Amazon jungles, Africa, and Europe • 1920 election-died in 1919 • Promoted U. S. involvement in WWI • Bull-Moose-split republican votes