http www telegraph co ukhistory9653497BritishhaveinvadednineoutoftencountriessolookoutLuxembourg html What do

http: //www. telegraph. co. uk/history/9653497/British-have-invaded-nine-outof-ten-countries-so-look-out-Luxembourg. html What do you think this is a map of?

Today’s Agenda ü Learn about Post-Colonialism Literary Theory ü Go through Wednesday’s test rubric and practise with The Lottery ü Go through some pointers on Essay Writing A bit of a disconnected lesson, but it will be helpful.

For the test • Post-colonial theory will not be on Wednesday’s test; however, we will be using it for 1984. • • • Formalist Theory Feminist Theory Marxist Theory Archetypal Theory Psychoanalytic Theory

What questions would a postcolonial theorist ask? • To know what post-colonialism is. • To understand how to apply post-colonialism to literature. • To be able to analyze a short story using a post-colonial lens. Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

What is “Post Colonial”? • Many countries in Africa, Asia, and all of North America had been governed by a European nation (often Britain) • These European nations “conquered” these countries with the intention of “civilizing” them and exploiting their natural resources

What is it? • As a theory: a reaction to the power structures of the (ex) colonial rulers • As a group of writers: writers of fiction and non -fiction from the (ex) colonies Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

problems • Not all nations studied have been colonies • Many titles were written before independence • Colonialism is not over • It is Eurocentric and not the only experience of postcolonial nations • Not all postcolonial writers write of colonialism • Not everyone wants to be labelled as postcolonial ____________________________ • To make it more inclusive, post-colonial theories has developed to include Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Analysis • Similar to how Feminism has led to more of a focus on Genders instead of only focusing on women. Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

• -explores relationships between a text and its social context • -examines how the belief systems of a time and place are reflected in, and potentially altered by literary representation • -racism and ethnocentrism are thoroughly entrenched in language, literature, art, and social institutions • -“race” = physical distinctions combined with distinct social history • -“ethnicity” = nonphysical aspects of cultural identity (religion, social customs, language) • -“post-colonialism” focuses on national and regional legacies of national and regional imperialism and colonialism • -commitment to challenging oppression based on cultural identity • -understanding that race and ethnicity have been used in ways that empowered and oppressed

Post Colonial Literary Theory So…post colonialism looks at a story and focuses on: • its setting • its unique conflicts • how the characters deal with these conflicts (all of which are due to the fact that the European nation pulled out and left a “power vacuum”) Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Theorists – an overview • The theory evolved as a reaction to colonialism: – Militarily – physical rule • But more importantly – Culturally – mental rule • And now increasingly – financially – economic rule Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Disney’s Aladdin • Intro song: “it’s barbaric, but hey, it’s home” • Good guys – fair skinned, Caucasian features, American accents • Bad guys – dark skinned, Semitic noses and foreign accents • Film is replete with stereotypical oriental characters http: //www. asianetwork. org/exchange/2006 -fall/anex 2006 -fall-singh. pdf

Practise. . . to see if you get it yet. Read the story called The Dinner Party. Don’t worry, it is short! Consider the following questions: • • its setting (time, place, cultural atmosphere) its unique conflicts (tensions between characters) how the characters deal with these conflicts (and so what underlying message about post-colonial issues does the author want us to think? ) Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Consolidation • What questions would a Race, Ethnic, and Postcolonial theorist ask when analyzing a literary text? • Think about the other literary theories that may help you when thinking of questions. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=xr. B 4_9 dm. OLs (5 -minutes) Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Edward Said – Orientalism • The study of orientalism leads(1978) to divisions between east (the orient) and west (the occident) • The image of the orient is constructed, and creates the idea that all “eastern” cultures are fundamentally similar to each other. . . • . . . and inferior to western cultures • “The East” is seen as homogenous Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Gyatri Spivak – the subaltern • Subaltern – persons outside of the political hegemony • Can the Subaltern Speak? (1988) – Marginalised groups have no “voice” – Postcolonial theorists continue to use the language, power, educational and political structures of the ruling hegemony – Therefore only subalterns are qualified to speak for themselves Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

Homi K. Bhabha - hybridization • • Homi K. Bhabha and hybridization The Location of Culture (1994) Writers belong to both cultures Postcolonial writers, using colonial forms: – Hybridize, change and add nuance – Becomes an act of subversion – Eventually a political act Otherness; Ethnocentric; Eurocentric; Race; Ethnicity; Orientalism; Hybridity; Subaltern

• • A few postcolonial writers. . . Problem: “I am not a postcolonial writer – I am a writer” Studying the postcolonial writer – continued orientalism? We have to deconstruct the postcolonial writer as the Other

Chinua Achebe • • • Nigeria Things Fall Apart 1958 A reaction to Heart of Darkness Neutral standpoint? Gives Africans a voice

V. S. Naipaul • Trinidad • A House for Mr Biswas 1961 • Explores the territory that exists between cultures • An allegory for the post-colonial nation’s search for identity

Jean Rhys • • • Dominican Wide Sargasso Sea 1966 A prequel to Brontë's Jane Eyre Gives voice to the “Madwoman in the attic” Marginalises the colonial rulers

Salman Rushdie India Midnight’s Children 1981 A retelling of India’s and Pakistan’s independence Magic realism – challenging western tradition of narrative, and questioning the neutrality of historical narratives • Hybridity – blending colonial and indigenous viewpoints • •

Arundhati Roy • The God of Small Things 1997 • Example of the modern postcolonial novel • A refocusing on internal social and political issues • But we can see how the western hegemony is partly responsible