Electricity Electricity and Electrical Charges What is electricity
- Slides: 30
Electricity
Electricity and Electrical Charges What is electricity? All the phenomena caused by positive and negative charges. Where do these charges come from?
Nucleus: ¡ ¡ ¡ Contains protons (+) & neutrons (no charge) Overall positive charge (+) Provides the biggest mass contribution (dense) Electrons: ¡ ¡ ¡ Located outside nucleus Easily moved, lost or gained Negative charge (-)
Electrical Charges: ¡ All matter has electrical charges ¡ There are two types of charges: l Positive l Negative + -
Negatively charged objects: contain more electrons (-) than protons (+). Positively charged objects: contain fewer electrons (-) than protons (+). Only negatively charged electrons can move from one object to another and if you have an equal number of protons and electrons, the object is neutral.
Ch 5. Electricity & Magnetism Wr ite 5. 1 Electrical Charge t no his ote i bo n yo ur ok. Most objects are neutral because they have an equal # of protons (+) and electrons (-). ¡ Electrons can be transferred, this causes an object to become charged. ¡ l l Negative charge = object has more electrons than protons. Positive charge = object has more protons than electrons.
¡ There are 2 forces between charged objects: Attraction Repulsion ¡ Opposite charges ¡ Same charges ¡ “Opposites Attract” ¡ “Like repel”
Sphere A is negatively charged. When placed beside sphere B, they attract. What is the charge on B? POSITIVE AA - B + Opposites Attract!
Three charged spheres are suspended next to each other. If sphere A is negatively charged, what will happen when sphere A & C are suspended beside each other? Attract A B B C A C
Four charged spheres are suspended next to each other. What will happen if A & D were suspended next to each other? Repel A B B C + + + - C D - +
You have three charged objects A, B & C in a lab. You record the following result Test Observation Bring “A” near “B” They repel Bring “A” near “C” They attract + + + - What would happen if “B” & “C” were brought together? They would attract!!!
Worksheet ¡ Write answers onto spare paper.
Charging Objects ¡ Most objects start out electrically neutral, but by CHARGING an object you create an imbalance in the number of electrons and protons; the object is then charged either positive or negative.
How do you charge an object? ¡ There are three ways to charge an object: 1. Charge by Friction 2. Charge by Conduction 3. Charge by Induction
Charging by Friction ¡ When two neutral objects are rubbed against each other, one object may pull electrons away from the other creating one positive object and one negative object.
Triboelectric Series: ¡ ¡ ¡ All objects begin neutral & can become positively or negatively charged A positively charged object has more positives than negatives A negatively charged object has more negatives than positives
Only negative charges move! Triboelectric Series: Positive charges NEVER move!! ¡ Triboelectric series is a list that ranks objects’ ability to take negative charges Rubber Ebonite Polyethylene Cotton Paper Silk Items at top take electrons (-) Write this i noteb n your ook. Wool Glass Acetate Fur / hair Items at bottom lose electrons (-)
Items at top take negatives Your cat rubs against a rubber balloon. What will be the charge on the balloon? Your cat’s fur? Rubber balloon Ebonite becomes Polyethylene negative Cotton Silk Wool Glass Acetate Fur / / Hair Fur Hair Negatives Cat’s fur becomes positive
Items at top take negatives In a lab, you take a piece of neutral wool & neutral polyethylene & rub them together. What will be their charges? Rubber Ebonite Polyethylene Cotton Silk Negatives Wool Glass Acetate Fur / Hair Polyethylene balloon becomes negative Wool becomes positive
In a lab, you rub a piece of cotton & ebonite together. Then you rub a piece of silk & glass together. You then bring the charged piece of cotton & the charged piece of silk together. What will happen? + + Rubber Ebonite Polyethylene Cotton Silk Wool Glass Acetate Fur / Hair Cotton is + Silk is - They would ATTRACT
You rub your hair with a balloon. Explain using words & pictures, why your hair “sticks up”. 1 st The hair & balloon are both neutral 2 nd The rubber balloon takes negative charges from the hair. So, the balloon becomes negatively charged & the hair becomes ++_ _ positively charged 3 rd Since the hair is positive & like charges repel, the hair sticks up!!! _ +_ _ + +
Check for understanding Using pages 140 to 144 and your notes. ¡ Fill-in p 75 & 76 of your workbook. ¡ l If you don’t finish in class it is homework.
5. 2 Static electricity. W ri t et no his te bo in y ok ou r. ¡ You can create a charge by causing electrons to be transferred from one item to another by: l l l Friction. Items high on the triboelectric series pull electrons away from lower items. Conduction. Once in contact, a charged object can share its charge with another neutral object. Induction. Without contact! A charged object can cause the charges in a neutral object to shift to one side. ¡ See p 147
Charging by Conduction ¡ An object can be charged by touching it with another object that already has a charge. The resulting object will then have the same charge but weaker in strength than the original object.
Charging by induction objects do not touch (one is charged, one is neutral) ¡ Proximity of the charged object causes (induces) the charges in the neutral object to separate. ¡ See Fig. 5. 17 in textbook. ¡
Write this in your notebook. Calculations: How do you measure “charge” ¡ The unit of measure for electrical charge is the Coulomb (C). In equations it is symbolized by a “q” l Eg: q = 900 C ¡ Ex. After charging a piece of fabric Kim determines that it has a charge of 9. 1 C. How many electrons has it lost?
(5. 1 continued) ¡ ¡ ¡ Write this i noteb n your ook. One electron has a charge of 1. 602 x 10 -19 C. 1 Coulomb (C) = the charge of 6. 25 x 1018 electrons (-) or protons (+). Conductors permit the movement of electrons. (the charge spreads out quickly) l Eg. Metals, graphite, electrolytic solutions Semiconductors slow their movement. Insulators stop their movement electrons. l Eg. Plastics, ceramics, wood, glass The triboelectric series (p 146) is a list that ranks an object’s ability to take negative charges.
Robert J. Van de Graaf 1929
Check for understanding Using pages 145 to 149 and your notes. ¡ Fill-in p 77 (bottom only) & p 78 (#1 & #2 only) ¡ l If you don’t finish in class it is homework.
These notes have covered: ¡ p 140 to p 148 in the text ¡ P 75 to p 78 in the workbook
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