Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Mixing Water

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Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Mixing Water for Concrete Design and Control of

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Mixing Water for Concrete Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures CHAPTER 7

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Overview • Sources of Mixing Water • Effects

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Overview • Sources of Mixing Water • Effects of Impurities in Mixing Water on Concrete Properties • Organic Impurities • Interaction with Admixtures

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Water

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Water

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 includes provisions for: • Potable

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 includes provisions for: • Potable water • Non-potable water • Water recovered from concrete production operations • Combined water

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 Performance Requirements for Questionable Mixing

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 Performance Requirements for Questionable Mixing Water Sources

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 Optional Chemical Limits for Combined

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ASTM C 1602 Optional Chemical Limits for Combined Mixing Water

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Sources of Mixing Water • • • Municipal

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Sources of Mixing Water • • • Municipal water supply Municipal reclaimed water supply Site-sourced water Water from concrete operations Other sources

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Water Supply Typical Analyses of City Water

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Water Supply Typical Analyses of City Water Supplies and Seawater

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Water Supply

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Water Supply

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Reclaimed Water • Treated wastewater • Used

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Municipal Reclaimed Water • Treated wastewater • Used for nonpotable applications

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Site-Sourced Water • Paving projects, remote sites •

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Site-Sourced Water • Paving projects, remote sites • Wells, ponds, rivers • May contain silt and organic impurities

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Reclaiming Water from Concrete Production

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Reclaiming Water from Concrete Production

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Recycled Water Effect of Recycled Water on Concrete

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Recycled Water Effect of Recycled Water on Concrete Properties*

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Seawater • Useable in plain, unreinforced concrete •

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Seawater • Useable in plain, unreinforced concrete • Use sulfate-resistant cement for marine applications • May aggravate ASR • May cause efflorescence and dampness

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Effects of Impurities • • Alkali carbonate and

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Effects of Impurities • • Alkali carbonate and bicarbonate Chloride Sulfate Miscellaneous inorganic salts Acid and alkaline waters Industrial wastewater Silt or suspended particles Organic impurities

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Alkali Carbonate and Bicarbonate • • Sodium carbonate

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Alkali Carbonate and Bicarbonate • • Sodium carbonate – rapid setting Bicarbonates – accelerate or retard setting Threshold for testing – 1000 ppm May aggravate AAR

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Chloride • ACI 318 Limits: – Prestressed concrete

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Chloride • ACI 318 Limits: – Prestressed concrete - 0. 06% – Reinforced concrete exposed to chloride in service - 0. 15% – Reinforced concrete that will be dry or protected from moisture in service - 1. 00% – Other reinforced concrete construction - 0. 30%

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Sulfate • May aggravate sulfate attack • ASTM

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Sulfate • May aggravate sulfate attack • ASTM C 1602 limits sulfate to 3000 ppm

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Other Common Salts • Carbonates of calcium and

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Other Common Salts • Carbonates of calcium and magnesium- not very soluble in water and seldom found in sufficient concentration • Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium- present in some municipal waters • Magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloridepresent in high concentrations without harmful effects on concrete strength

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Iron Salts • Acid mine waters - may

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Iron Salts • Acid mine waters - may contain rather large quantities • Iron Salts - concentrations up to 40, 000 ppm do not usually affect concrete adversely

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Miscellaneous Inorganic Salts • Manganese, tin, zinc, copper,

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Miscellaneous Inorganic Salts • Manganese, tin, zinc, copper, lead – strength reduction, setting time fluctuation • Sodium iodate, phosphate, arsenate, borate – retard setting • Tolerated up to 500 ppm • Sodium sulfide – 100 ppm can be detrimental

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Acid and Alkaline Waters • Acceptance based on

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Acid and Alkaline Waters • Acceptance based on concentration • Acids may cause handling problems • High concentrations of alkaline waters may reduce strength • Alkaline waters may aggravate AAR

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Industrial Wastewater • Most sources < 4000 ppm

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Industrial Wastewater • Most sources < 4000 ppm • Strength reduction usually 10%-15% • Certain industries produce undesirable impurities • Best to test if solids > 100 ppm

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Silt or Suspended Particles • Suspended clay or

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Silt or Suspended Particles • Suspended clay or fine rock < 2000 ppm • Cement fines < 50, 000 ppm

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Organic Impurities

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Organic Impurities

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Organic Impurities • Sanitary sewage – Little effect

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Organic Impurities • Sanitary sewage – Little effect with diluted sewage • Sugar – Retarder in small doses, accelerator in large doses • Oils – Decreased strength, affects air • Algae – Decreased strength

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Interaction with Admixtures • Impurities affect admixture chemistry

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Interaction with Admixtures • Impurities affect admixture chemistry • Hard water may cause increased need for airentraining admixture • Trial mixtures should include chemical admixtures

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Summary • • Standards Sources Effects of Impurities

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures Summary • • Standards Sources Effects of Impurities Interactions with Admixtures

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ?

Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures ?

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