Control of Gene Expression Chapter 16 Genes and

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Control of Gene Expression Chapter 16 Genes and Development

Control of Gene Expression Chapter 16 Genes and Development

Proteins can determine the DNA sequence by binding the major groove of DNA. Proteins

Proteins can determine the DNA sequence by binding the major groove of DNA. Proteins binding the minor groove cannot determine the exact sequence of bases.

Prokaryotic gene regulation Lac Operon

Prokaryotic gene regulation Lac Operon

Prokaryotic gene regulation Trp Operon Biosynthesis of the amino acid typtophan Therefore, the regulation

Prokaryotic gene regulation Trp Operon Biosynthesis of the amino acid typtophan Therefore, the regulation is the opposite of the lac operon.

Eukaryotic gene regulation

Eukaryotic gene regulation

Enhancer (DNA sequence) Looping Activator (protein)

Enhancer (DNA sequence) Looping Activator (protein)

ATP ADP + Pi ATP -dependent remodeling factor 1. Nucleosome sliding 2. Remodeled nucleosome

ATP ADP + Pi ATP -dependent remodeling factor 1. Nucleosome sliding 2. Remodeled nucleosome 3. Nucleosome displacement 4. Histone replacement

RNA Polymerase II micro. RNA gene Pri-micro. RNA Nucleus Pre-micro. RNA Drosha Exportin 5

RNA Polymerase II micro. RNA gene Pri-micro. RNA Nucleus Pre-micro. RNA Drosha Exportin 5 Cytoplasm Dicer Mature mi. RNA RISC m. RNA cleavage m. RNA RISC Inhibition of translation RISC

Exogenous ds. RNA, transposon, virus Repeated cutting by dicer P P P si. RNAs

Exogenous ds. RNA, transposon, virus Repeated cutting by dicer P P P si. RNAs si. RNA in RISC Ago P P P + RISC m. RNA Cleavage of target m. RNA Ago RISC

RNA polymerase II DNA 3´ 5´ Primary RNA transcript 1. Initiation of transcription Most

RNA polymerase II DNA 3´ 5´ Primary RNA transcript 1. Initiation of transcription Most control of gene expression is achieved by regulating the frequency of transcription initiation. Cut intron 5´ cap Exons Introns 3´ poly-A tail Mature RNA transcipt 2. RNA splicing Gene expression can be controlled by altering the rate of splicing in eukaryotes. Alternative splicing can produce multiple m. RNAs from one gene.

Large subunit 3´ poly-A tail Nuclear pore m. RNA Small subunit 3´ 5´ 5´

Large subunit 3´ poly-A tail Nuclear pore m. RNA Small subunit 3´ 5´ 5´ cap 3. Passage through the nuclear membrane Gene expression can be regulated by controlling access to or efficiency of transport channels. 4. Protein synthesis Many proteins take part in the translation process, and regulation of the availability of any of them alters the rate of gene expression by speeding or slowing protein synthesis.

P P Completed polypeptide chain 6. Posttranslational modification Phosphorylation or other chemical modifications can

P P Completed polypeptide chain 6. Posttranslational modification Phosphorylation or other chemical modifications can alter the activity of a protein after it is produced. RISC 5. RNA interference Gene expression is regulated by small RNAs. Protein complexes containing si. RNA and mi. RNA target specific m. RNAs for destruction or inhibit their translation. 23

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