ClimateSmart Agriculture Claudia Hiepe Dr Climate Change Officer

Climate-Smart Agriculture Claudia Hiepe, Dr. Climate Change Officer Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO) Rome, Italy Regional Seminar "Mitigating GHG Emissions in Agriculture and Waste Sectors in Western Balkans“, 2012

Structure • • WHY climate-smart agriculture? WHAT is it? HOW to get there Tools & capacity development for GHG assessment

A triple Challenge for agriculture • More food, in quantity, quality and diversity, everywhere for everyone (availability, acessibility, utilisation, stability) • Adapt to Climate Change • Contribute to mitigate Climate Change – Agriculture and Land use = 30% of emissions – Needs to be part of the solution. . .

Overlaps, Synergies and Trade-offs International to local divide Global Objectives WSFS “Calories” UNFCCC “Carbon” UNISDR “Disasters” UNCCD “Soil” +Biodivesty, Human rights, Health, Trade, Education, . . . National International Food Security National Local Climate mitigation adaptation Disaster Resilience Sustainable land management Climate-smart agriculture: addressing multiple objectives

Long-term Adaptation - Towards Climate. What means Climate-Smart Agriculture? Smart Agricultural Landscapes Transform agriculture to enhance the achievement of national food security and development goals in the light of global challenges ww. fao. org/climatechange/climatesmart

Towards climate-smart agricultural landscapes Practices + Policies and institutions + Financing

Efficiency Efficient & resilient Food Systems Resilience Climate change mitigation will never be the main goal for agriculture.

System Boundaries INPUTs LANDSCAPE FARM FOOD CHAINS FARM Various scales, various dimensions

Key messages 1: Practices • Many climate-smart practices exist • Ecosystem approach at landscape level is crucial • Investments needed in – filling data and knowledge gaps; R&D of technologies, methodologies – conservation and production of varieties and breeds • MRV and monitoring is manageable operational proxies that help implement policies R&D

s ial yn n a M nt e t o yp es i g er

Analyzing synergies and trade-offs

Sustainable intensification of crop production • • • Better management of water Integrated nutrient management Conservation agriculture Genetic resources Ecosystems’ functions Diversification http: //www. fao. org/ag/save-and-grow/

Better water management: Rain water harvesting Zaï pits Nutrient management

Legumes Croatia Conservation Agriculture Ghana

Diversity of Genetic resources Peru “Seed systems”

Improved efficiency in the livestock sector Gill et al. (2010) Gill et al (2010)

Relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and output per cow GHG Pastoral systems Intensive systems Milk

Resilience in “Industrial” systems • Heat stress – Buildings (projections) – Management (previsions) • Feed accessibility – Increased variability of production and trade – Increased price volatility • Flexibility

Diversified, integrated systems Rice-fish system: Madagascar Tanzania: Higher productivity by adapting traditional agro-pastoral management

A landscape approach Rwanda, Nile Basin Tunesia: rangeland management Nepal Agroforestry

Food chain approaches Africa (SSA) Europe Cereals 19% 31% Fruits & vegetables 51, 6% 46% Meat 27% 22% Milk 25% 12% Food losses Metallic silos in Afghanistan (FAO 2011)

CSA is part of the bigger efforts towards to Sustainable development • transition towards truly sustainable food consumption and production systems that do not harms ecosystems on which supplies depend • policies that moderate future food demand wastage can reduce stresses on ecosystems and facilitate the transition • wise resource use in agriculture is essential to achieving environmental sustainability, including climate-smart practices Requires policy action and improved governance of food systems (e. g. land tenure, pricing, R&D, safety nets, markets , real-time info, smallholder support, commitment)

Key messages 2: Policies • Smallholders need institutional and financial support for the transition • Strengthened institutions for dissemination and coordination • Consistency between agriculture, food security and climate change policies Appraisal of Policy mitigation analysis measures Quantification of emissions

Key messages 3: Finance • Available financing, current and projected, are substantially insufficient • Combining finance (public/private, climate change/food security) improves options • Fast-track financing must take sector-specific considerations into account

Capacity development on climate change • Training programs for GHG inventory development and life cycle analysis; methodology & tool development • Learning services on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, incl. E-learning http: //www. fao. org/climatechange/learning • Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook planned in collaboration with World Bank (forthcoming) • Mainstreaming: Various guidance materials for incorporating CC considerations into Agricultural/Forest Projects and programmes

Tools for SLM/NRM assessment • SLM assessment tools with WOCAT World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies: http: //www. wocat. net/ • LADA land degradation and national SLM assessment http: //www. fao. org/nr/land/degradation/en/ • Terrafrica Country support tool for SLM planning http: //www. terrafrica. org/ • TECA: Technologies and practices for small agricultural producers http: //teca. fao. org/

Global and national support related to GHGI • Training courses in forest and natural resources monitoring • Support to the CD-REDD process to develop the GHG Inventories • Capacity building to assists NAI Parties to the UNFCCC in preparing their National Communications and their National GHGs Inventory (UNDP) • Development of tools to support the compilation of national GHGs inventories in collaboration with international entities.

CD-REDD 2 Programme (2009 -13) n National Activities § 2 training courses per country, learning by doing approach NA 1: Training on methodologies contained in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the AFOLU sector, assisted preparation of the Country Plan, followed by verification of lessons learned; NA 2: Assisted application of methodologies to the national data for preparation of a zero-order draft of the National GHG Inventory for the forest sector. Review by UNFCCC reviewers Between the first and the second course, participants will be requested to collect available in-country data for the forest sector

Practical tools – GHG assessment • Ex-act Carbon Balance Tool: • A tool to conduct the carbon balance appraisal of Agricultural, Forestry and other Land Use (AFOLU) projects and beyond; • Developed by FAO, in collab with IRD, GIZ, IFAD, AFD, Af. DB, SEI, ADEME, World Bank http: //www. fao. org/tc/exact/en/

What can EX-ACT do? • Assess the carbon balance of AFOLU project, Value Chain, National Strategic plan/policy • Select activities with better potential for sustainability, help decision making during project formulation • Assess roughly the net carbon balance of any AFOLU project in comparison to a situation in which the project would not be implemented EMISSIONS STOCKS CARBON BALANCE

Why the EX-ACT tool? • Need to integrate climate change issue in AFOLU projects and policy planning • Other tools often have limitations in due to lack of robust field and emission data in many countries • Existing tools, e. g. – Dairy GHG; HOLOS GHG ; Cool Farm Tool – De. Nitrification-De. Composition Model – DNDC – Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases-Carbon Management Tool (COMET-VR) – Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA) – Tool for Afforestation & Reforestation Approved Methodologies TARAM) – Agence Française de Développement: Carbon Footprint Tool

Why the EX-ACT tool? • Advantages: – Well suited for the assessment of projects activities on various land-use areas and scale – output can be used for financial and economic analysis • Limitation: lacks link to yield/agricultural productivity indicators

Why the EX-ACT tool? • Project formulation • Developing future strategies and objectives • National/regional level agricultural Programme Project and policy design Commu nication , marketi ng Econom ics and financial • Value chain labeling (CFP) • Cost-effectiveness analysis (MACC) • Analysis of the possibility to access public funding or the carbon market

Worldwide use of the tool Case studies Trainings

Thank you very much for your attention! Contact: claudia. hiepe@fao. org For Exact Tool: Louis. Bockel@fao. org