CHURCH REFORM The Middle Middle Ages Where we

CHURCH REFORM The “Middle” Middle Ages

Where we left off…. . Feudalistic Europe Charlemagne's Kingdom Invasions Vikings Attacked and looted monasteries Mongols The church is the only source of stability Problems Corruption Learning not occurring Monks could barely read Popes had questionable morals

Monastic Revival Starting in the 1000 s a spiritual revival spread across Europe Led by Monasteries Reforms New monastery founded in 910 C. E. Followed Benedictine’s Rule Reputation for virtue Wanted to return to basic principles of Christianity New orders founded Popes began to reform the Church Restored and expanded power “Age of Faith” 300 orders by 1000 C. E. Began reform movement Village priests married Positions in the church sold!! Called Simony Practice of Lay Investiture Kings in control of Church Bishops Pope Leo IX 1049 C. E. Enforced laws against Priest marriage and Simony Problems Cluny, France Pope Gregory VII 1073 C. E. Spent time at Cluny Determined to reform the church Restructured the church Pope advised by Curia acted as a court and developed Canon Law

Friars and Nuns Early 1200 s Wandering friars spread Christianity Took vows of Chastity, poverty, and obedience Preached to the poor Dominicans One of the earliest orders Founded by Dominic Emphasized importance of learning, study Franciscans Founded by St. Francis of Assisi Son of a rich merchant Gave up wealth to preach at 20 years old Women also participated in spiritual revival Women joined the Dominicans 1212 C. E. A Franciscan order for women known as the Poor Clares opened Founded by Clare and St. Francis of Assisi Not allowed to travel Lived in poverty

Cathedrals Between 800 and 1100 a new style of architecture influenced Churches Styles Romanesque Round arches Heavy roof Thick pillars, walls Little light Gothic Appeared around 1100 s Thrust upward toward heaven Huge stained-glass windows

The World in 1050 Islam India Empire of Ghana expanding Trading Gold Americas Strong central government Advances in technology: paper, printing, gunpowder West Africa Land of thriving cities Politically divided Hinduism and Buddhism flourished China Brilliant new civilization spread from Spain to India Traders traded goods and ideas Mayas building cities Incas flourishing in Peru Byzantine Empire Prospering Scholars studying Greek and Roman classics Constantinople was capital Turks invade in 1050 s and control Byzantine empire by 1071

The Crusades

Causes 1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I asked Pope Urban III for help fighting the Seljuk Turks Urban agrees and calls for help at the Council of Clermont in 1095 Rallied warriors for the liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims “all who die shall have immediate remission of sins” Within a year knights were on their way Motives: Knights wanted to win wealth and land Were promised remission of their sins adventure Crusaders wanted to escape trouble at home Pope Urban wanted to increase power and help heal schism Kings and Princes used crusades to legitimize their rule by presenting themselves as a truly “Christian” state

Goals To recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.

Soldiers’ Motives Promise of riches, a release from their sins, and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade Younger sons were looking for land a position in society

Pope’s Motives Get rid of knights were fought each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire

The First Crusade Began as three organized bands of warriors, mainly French 1 st organized group led by Godfrey of Bouillon 1097: ill prepared Crusaders gathered in Constantinople. They had no plan or information and argued constantly. Several thousands of warriors Captured Antioch in 1098 Traveled down the coast until they reached Jerusalem in June 1099: they finally captured Jerusalem after a month-long battle Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents Established four states, each ruled by a European Noble Depended on Italian states for supplies Led by Godfrey, crowned “protector of Holy Sepulchre” Cities like Venice, Genoa, and Pisa grew rich 1114: Edessa was reconquered by the Turks

The Second Crusade Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for another crusade 1147 King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad of Germany enlist in the 2 nd crusade Campaign was a failure Initiated the Reconquista in Spain Organized to recapture the city of Edessa but the armies escaped back to Europe in defeat 1187: Europeans were shocked to learn Jerusalem itself had fallen to the Muslim leader Saladin Defeated Europeans at Mount Hattin

The Third Crusade 3 rd crusade: Led by Richard the Lionhearted, the English King Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany and Philip II Augustus, King of France participated Frederick drowned in a river Philip and Richard took Acre in 1191 Philip sailed back to France after a disagreement Christians tried to retake Jerusalem but failed 1192: After many battles, Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce Jerusalem was still under Muslim control, but Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places

The Fourth Crusade 1198: Pope Innocent III calls for another Crusade to capture Jerusalem The knights get caught up in Italian and Byzantine politics on their way 1204: They end up looting the city of Constantinople and end the Crusade Showed corruption of Crusade idea Byzantine empire did not regain control until 1261 Was not the same power Would continue to be weakened until Ottoman Turks conquered it in 1453

Knights Crusades were not just in Jerusalem but also in North Africa Crusades ended with city of Acre being captured in 1291 and a bloody massacre of Christians Christian Knights withdrew from Holy Land Knights Templar Went to France Teutonic Knights Went to Baltic to continue fight against Muslims 1309 moved headquarters to Rhodes Given Malta by Emperor Charles V, not conquered until 1798 by Napoleon

Knights Templar

Teutonic Knights

Acre

CRUSADE NOTES Impacts of the Crusades

Trade Increased trade between Europe and Southwest Asia Goods imported from S. W. Asia included spices, fruits, cotton, and cloth

Church Lessened the power of the Pope

Feudal Rulers Weakened the feudal nobility Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes Kings become stronger

Knowledge European technology improves as Crusaders learn from Muslims Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and Arabic numbers are all brought over from the Muslims

Religious Views Religious intolerance grows For Muslims, the actions of Crusaders left behind feelings of bitterness and hatred For Christians who remained in the area after the fall of the Crusader states, relations with Muslims worsened

Effects of the Crusades Bitter legacy Religious hatred between Muslims and Christians Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews Economic Expansion Increased trade Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade Encouraged growth of money economy Helped undermine serfdom Power of Monarchs Church Increased feudal power of monarchs, decreased power of feudalism Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades Some led crusades, like Louis IX, added to their fame Papal power at its greatest height Ended with clashes with feudal monarchs Schism never healed Worldview Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world Creates trade with India and China and will lead to age of Exploration

Spain Crusading spirit continued in Spain Christians longed to reclaim their land from the Muslims Called the Reconquista or “reconquest” 1085: recaptured city of Toledo 1300: Christians controlled almost of all Spain Muslim influence remained

Ferdinand Isabella 1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon Created a unified state Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims 1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration Supports the Inquisition Court to accuse people of heresy Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502