Chapter 27 Formation of the Islamic Empires Ottoman

* Chapter 27

Formation of the Islamic Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal)

The Ottoman Empire 1. Emperors of the Ottoman Empire Osman & Ottoman Expansion • Founder of dynasty • 1289 -1923 • bey=chief, semi-nomadic Turks • Osman & followers strive To be ghazi=Muslim religious Warriors • Waged holy wars • Capitals: Bursa & Edirne • Bursa became major Commercial and intellectual Center • Ghazi two forces: light Cavalry & volunteer infantry • Devrshirme: conversion Of Christian boy to Administration or Janissaries= Military soldiers • Gunpowder weapons Mehmed the Conqueror • 1451 -1481 • Captured Constantinople= New Ottoman capital and New name Istanbul • Istanbul became Commercial center • Not just warrior but emperor • “two lands” “two seas” • Tightly centralized • Absolute monarchy • Military face no rivals Suleyman the Magnificent • 1512 -1520 • Continued to expand Empire SW Asia & Europe • Became major naval Power • Was able to challenge Christian and Portuguese vessels

Safavid Empire 2. Twelver Shiism The Safavids • Shah Ismail (1252 -1334) • Manipulated rise to Power story • Ancestry traced back to Sufi religious leader • Changed religious Preference several times Before settling, due to Nomadic Turkish tribes Twelver Shiism • 12 infallible imams After Muhammed Starting with prophet’s Cousin Ali • Qizilbash=red heads • Suggested Ismail Was a hidden imam or Incarnation of Allah • Most Muslims saw This as blasphemous • Qizilbash felt Invincible in battle Battle of Chaldiran & Shah Abbas the Great • Battle between Shiite Safavids & Sunni Ottomans • Ottomans led with heavy Artillery & Janissaries • Safavids thought they were Protected • Intermittent for 2 centuries • After Ismail, successor s Abandon radicalism & lean to More conventional Twelver Shiism • Shah Abbas the Great (15881629) • Encouraged trade, reformed Administration & military

3. Babur Mughal Empire 4. Akbar • Claimed descent • 1556 -1605 From Chinggis Khan • Killed Adham Khan & Tamerlane • Didn’t tolerate those • Attempted to expand That challenged him Authority into India through • Centralized administration Firearms and gunpowder w/ministries to watch over Weapons Provinces • Cared little for land of India • Allowed for religious toleration Take spoils and leave (Hindu & Muslim) • Began Mughal empire= • Called for syncetic religious blend Persian for Mongol. That would focus emperor as a • Embrace almost all Indian Common ruler to all subcontinent 6. Names of Islamic Empires 5. Aurangzeb • 1659 -1707 • Reached greatest Extent • Presided over Troubled empire • No religious Toleration • Destroyed Hindu Temples & taxed Hindus • Local leaders Begin rebellions & resistance

Imperial Islamic Society

The Dynastic State The Emperors & Islam • Empires were military Creations based off of Possession • Prestige & authority Derived from piety & Military • Devotion of Islam leads To expansion of new lands • Ghazi’s fight infidels Steppe Traditions • Early emperors often Did as pleased with disregard For religious and social norms • Steppe practices lead to Problems of succession • Problems: Conflicts, rebellions, challenges • In Ottoman empire legal to Kill brother • Sons received administrive Power in provinces in the Ottoman empire 7. Women in Islam Women and Politics • In Islam women have No role in public affairs • Influence was often Private • In Ottoman empire, Emperor’s mother & Chief wife receive Privileges

Agriculture and Trade Food Crops • Agricultural economies • Financed armies and Bureaucracies • Colombian exchange Brought American crops But little effects • Encouraged consumption Of tobacco and coffee 8. Agricultural economies of the Islamic empires Tobacco • Introduced by English Merchants, medicinal • Entrepreneurs est. Coffeehouses for coffee and Tobacco • Some in society were Against tobacco and coffee • Attempted to get rid of It, proved unsuccessful 9. Population growth Population Growth & Trade • Population in empires Increased due to intensive Agriculture • 1600 Ottoman empire Declines due to loss of land • Long-distance trade successful In the Islamic empires • Ottoman empire had commercia Capital Bursa • Safavids had commercial Center Isfahan • Mughals allowed trading stations In their land

Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires Religious Diversity • Religious and ethnically Diverse, had to be kept under Control • Ottomans: Christian & Jews • Safavids: Zoroastrian, Jews Christians • Mughals: Muslims & Hindus 10. Religious Diversity Christian Mission in India Akbar’s Divine Faith • Portuguese Goa center Of Christian mission in India • Attempt to attract converts (schools) • Attempt to convert Akbar • Emperor declined to commit To exclusive faith • Wanted religious Synthesis to unify Empire • “Divine Faith”= loyalty To emperor w/different Religious traditions • Mostly drew on Islam, Monotheistic • “Lord of Wisdom” 11. Akbar’s Divine Faith

Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires Status of Religious Minorities Promotion of Islam 13. Jizya • Est method to deal w/non. Muslims in the empire • “dhimmi”=protected people, Paid “jizya”=tax • Retained personal freedoms • “millet”=autonomous religious Communities retaining their civil laws 12. Dhimmi 14. Millet • Policies of religious tolerance Not popular with Muslims • Worried it would lead to Hindu Absorption in caste system • Mughals created Islamic state wit Islamic law • Aurengzeb reinstates jizya create Cultural tensions

Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors 15. Istanbul • Capital cities and royal Palaces were visible Expressions of imperial Majesty • Ottoman pride in Istanbul • Prosperous city • Topkapi palace=gov’t Offices, mint, meeting Places, sultan’s residence Isfahan • One of the most precious Jewels of urban architecture • Palaces emphasized Natural settings with gardens And pools, inner courts and gates • Mughal’s regarded their capital Wherever their ruler was Fatehpur Sikri & the Taj Mahal • Private residence and Retreat for ruler • Mughal display of piety And devotion • Incorporated Indian Elements • Tah Mahal was a Mugha monument 16. Taj Mahal

The Empires in Transition

Deterioration of Imperial Leadership Dynastic Decline • All 3 dynasties had incompetent Rulers who cared more for themselves Than their empire • Late 17 th c. provoked mutinies in Armies, revolts, political corruption, Economic oppression and insecurtiy Religious Tensions • Political troubles arose from religious Tensions. • Ottoman: disaffected religious students Often joined the Janissaries in revolt

Economic and Military Decline 17. Reasons for Ottoman Decline Economic Difficulties • The cost of military and Administration led to decline In Islamic empires • Became difficult to support Empire that was limited in Resources • Empires lost control over Provinces, raised taxed after Losing revenues, bribery, selling offices Military Decline • Military decline because they did Not seek to improve their technologies • European technology was advancing So quickly that it became difficult For empires to keep up. 18. Military Decline

Cultural Conservatism 20. Piri Reis Cultural Confidence The Printing Press 21. Printing Press • Ottoman reconoittered The Indian Ocean Basin from East Africa to Indonesia • Produced large scale maps And navigational texts • Resistance from Conservatives to the new • Believed in their superiority Inventions of the Europeans And felt they had nothing to • Printing press was Learn from Europeans Not as popular in Islamic • Remained oblivious to European Empires as in Europe Culture and developments • Aesthetics were more Preferred 19. Cultural Confidence • Feared what the printing Press could do to the Islamic society