CHAPTER 21 23 Kingdom PLANTAE PLANTS P LANT

CHAPTER 21 -23 Kingdom: PLANTAE (PLANTS)

P LANT E VOLUTION: The early ancestors of plants had to develop adaptations that allowed them to survive out of the water. Some of the adaptations: 1. Cuticle- Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues & acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms (Shinier appear and feels waxy)

P LANT ADAPTATIONSTO LIFE ON LAND: 2. Stomata: Small openings through which carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and other gases pass Openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and some stems

P LANT ADAPTATIONSTO LIFE ON LAND: 3. TISSUES: Vascular tissue enables faster movement of substances than by osmosis and diffusion, and over greater distances. These plants grow larger than nonvascular plants Nonvascular plants: move substances by way of osmosis and diffusion (much slower)

R EPRODUCTIVE S TRATEGIES: Seeds: a plant structure that contains an embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is covered with a protective coat seeds can survive harsh conditions and then sprout when favorable conditions exist.

O NE METHOD TO CLASSIFY P LANTS IS: V ASCULAR & N ONVASCULAR PG. 608

T HE P LANT PHYLUM All end in - PHYTA or PHYTES 3 groups: 1. Nonvascular plants: Bryophytes Anthocerophytes, & Hepaticophytes Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

T HE P LANT PHYLUM 2. Seedless Vascular Plants: Lycophytes, Pterophytes Examples: Club mosses and Ferns 3. Seed-producing Vascular Plants: Coniferophytes (pine trees), Anthophytes (Flowering plants) Do not require water to for reproduction. Have the greatest variety of plants and are the more advanced plants on the evolutionary scale

N ONVASCULAR P LANTS : Are generally small in size Water and nutrients travel through the plant by way of osmosis and diffusion. This is a slower process so they cannot grow large in size & they generally need to be in damp shady areas. Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and hornworts

N ONVASCULAR P LANTS: Most primitive of land plants. Liverworts

V ASCULAR P LANTS: Are divided into Seedless and Vascular Seed Plants Seedless Vascular plants (more primative) EX: ferns

V ASCULAR S EED P LANTS These are the most widely distributed plants on Earth They produce seeds. Seeds can have one or more COTYLEDONS- structures that store food or help the baby plant (sporophyte) obtain food 1 cotyledon – called a MONOCOT 2 or more cotyledons – called a DICOT

V ASCULAR S EED P LANTS…. Plants whose seeds are a part of fruit are called: ANGIOSPERMS Plants whose seeds are not part of fruit are called: GYMNOSPERMS (means naked seed) Seed Dispersal: A variety of adaptations for the dispersal or scattering of their seeds throughout their environment- use wind, animals, water and insects to disperse the seeds produced

G YMNOSPERMS: P RODUCE S EED C ONES Gymnosperms evolved before plants with flowers Cones contain male or female reproductive structures of cycads and other gymnosperm plants. Examples: Pine Trees (conifers)

A NGIOSPERMS: P LANTS THAT HAVE SEEDS THAT ARE PART OF A F LOWER Are in the phylum Anthophyta: Most widely distributed. Evolved after gymnosperms and now make up 75% of the plant kingdom Are further divided into two groups: 1. Monocot – 1 cotyledon in the seed 2. Dicot – 2 cotyledons or more. Are also

A NGIOSPERMS: Annuals- the plant completes its life span in one growing season. Examples: many gardern plants and most weeds Biennial – the plants completes it’s life cycle in 2 years. The first year it produces strong roots and leaves and the second year it grows again and also produces flowers (reproductive structure) that then it dies. Examples: carrots, beets, turnips Perennial – plant can survive several yrs & usually reproduces yrly. Ex. roses, fruit trees

VASCULAR TISSUES: CHAPTER 22 1. XYLEM: Transports substances away from the roots Composed of specialized cells called vessel elements and tracheids

VASCULAR TISSUES: 2. PHLOEM: Transports dissolved sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant

LEAVES: Tightly packed cells directly below a leaf’s upper epidermis contain many chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. Water evaporates from the inside of a leaf to the outside through a stomata Many different leave types:

C ONIFER R EPRODUCTION AND L IFE C YCLE Conifers (pine trees) are heterosporus: they produce both male and female spores pg. 667

POLLINATION: Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one species of a plant lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species. Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes (angiosperms)

P OLLINATION M ECHANISMS: 1. Animal pollination 2. Wind pollination 3. Self pollination

F LOWER PARTS: There are basically four structures— sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils. Most flowers have several stamen— the male reproductive organ— surrounding the central part of the flower. The female reproductive organ is the pistil

PISTIL STIGMA STYLE OVARY OVULES STAMEN POLLEN ANTHER FILAMENT PETAL SEPAL

G ERMINATION: When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the process is called germination. The cotyledons will provide nourishment for the seedling until photosynthesis begins

W HAT ARE SOME PLANT SEEDS THAT WE EAT? Peanuts, walnuts, almonds, etc Yummy Lima beans…. . and all other beans Apples, bananas, pears, strawberries, etc. Wheat, oatmeal, rice

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