Kingdom Plantae Biology Kingdom Plantae n Multicellular n

Kingdom Plantae Biology

Kingdom Plantae n Multi-cellular n Autotrophic n Eukaryotic n Cell walls made of cellulose n Store food in the form of starch

n Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll n Most are terrestrial although there are exceptions

Kingdom Plantae Nonvascular Plants------ Vascular Plants Have no true stem, leaves, or roots Seedless Seeded Gymnosperm Angiosperm Monocot Dicot

Nonvascular n No vessels n No roots n No stems n No leaves n Ex: Mosses and liverworts

Vascular n Have vessels to transport food and water n They have roots, stems or leaves n Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

n Xylem: transports water n Phloem: transports food & nutrients

plants (e. g. , ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using spores. n Seedless

Seed Plants-reproduce using seeds n n n n Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed. "naked seeds" cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) needle like leaves usually stay green year round wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens

n Angiosperms are the most successful group of plants n They have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination. n flowering plants n seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit n most are pollinated by birds & bees n have finite growing seasons n Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions n Divided into two main groups: Monocots & Dicots

Monocots n Angiosperms have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) n parallel veins on leaves n 3 part symmetry for flowers n fibrous roots n Example: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat n Vascular tissue scattered

Dicots n Angiosperms that have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) n net veins on leaves n flowers have 4 -5 parts n taproots n Examples: trees and ornamental flowers n Vascular tissue arranged in a ring

Success of Angiosperms n Transport gametes over great distances. n Efficient dispersal via fruit. n Tough, water resistant leaves for survival in hostile environments.

Pollination n Birds are attracted to red flowers. n Bees can see colors that humans cannot. n Moth-pollinated flowers are white and bloom at night.

Many insects are attracted to odors. One species smells like rotting meat and is pollinated by flies. n Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a hummingbird. n Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little color and do not produce nectar. n

Problems living in a terrestrial ecosystem n Support - in water, the plant is held up. On land, a support system is required.

Getting Water and Nutrients Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water. n Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to collect water. n Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. n

Drying Out Leaves are covered by a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle. n Openings in the leaves called stomata allow passage of gases for photosynthesis but can be closed when it is too warm. n Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to minimize water loss. n

Spreading Gametes n Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the wind n Seeds: – The embryo inside the seed is surrounded by a tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat. Food packaged in the seed provides energy for the young plant until it can grow above the soil and begin photosynthesizing. – Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal. Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur of animals or are eaten.