Adjectives vs Nouns Were going to discuss the

Adjectives vs Nouns We’re going to discuss the main properties which help distinguish between adjectives and nouns. We use judge, size, and silk as examples of words that occur as nouns, and we’re going to use wise, big, and smooth as examples of words that occur as adjectives.

(a) Inflection: Nouns usually have plural inflected forms; adjectives do not. On the other hand, many adjectives have comparative and superlative inflected forms but nouns do not. Plural forms with – s or - es Superlative Forms with -est Nouns judges sizes silks judgest Adjectives wises bigs smooths wisest sizest silkest biggest smoothest Not all nouns have plural inflections and not all adjectives have superlative forms, but where the forms do exist the difference between nouns and adjectives is clear.

(b) Determiners • Nouns take determiners as dependents but adjectives do not. • Some det can modify nouns and adjectives so in applying this test we need to select items which can not modify adjectives. This can be done by choosing genitives, or the determinatives which and some. Noun which judge? my size some silk Adjective which wise? my big some smooth

(c ) Modifiers Nouns take adjectives as modifiers Adjectives take adverbs as modifiers Nouns a remarkable judge its incredible size this wonderful silk Adj remarkably wise incredibly big wonderfully smooth Switching adjectives and adverbs makes ungrammatical phrases in every case: a remarkably judge, remarkable wise

(d) Function The ability of nouns to head phrases in subject and object position may be used to distinguish the difference between nouns and adjectives. Subject Object Nouns The judge arrived. Its size amazed me. I like silk. Adj Wise arrived. Big amazed me. I like smooth.

Overlap between the categories Some lexemes belong to noun and adjective categories. One example is Cold • The soup is cold. Cold is an adj meaning low temperature. • I caught a bad cold. Cold is a noun meaning a minor illness.

This soup is cold. (adj) I caught a bad cold. (noun) Let’s compare Inflection Determiners Modifiers Function Adjectives Noun colder, coldest colds ------ my cold, which cold terribly cold a terrible cold ------- The cold was nasty, Don’t catch a cold.

Page 125 Ex 2. Q 1 She is secretary of the Film society. Noun Inflection They are secretaries. Determiner my secretary Modifier She is a terrible secretary Function

Adjectives vs Verbs We will use the adjectives fond, sad, appreciative and the verbs love, regret, enjoy.

(a) Inflection and grade Verbs have a richer system of inflection than most parts of speech. Most distinctive are the preterite and the 3 rd person singular. Adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Preterite forms Comparative forms verbs loved regretted enjoyed Adj sadded fonded lover appreciatived fonder regetter enjoyer sadder n/a

Grade: We may show grade with adjectives by using comparative and superlative forms or by adding more. The same may be done with verbs. The difference is in the sentence structure V: I love you more. (the verb is followed by more) Adj: I’m more appreciative than you. (the adjective is preceded by more)

(b) Modifiers Adverbs can modify both adjectives and verbs. However, some adverbs such as very, pretty (meaning fairly, quite) and too (meaning excessively) only modify adjectives. V I very love her. I love her very. He pretty regrets it. He regrets it pretty. Adj I’m very fond of He’s pretty sad. her. She too enjoyed it. * She enjoyed it too. * She was too appreciative.

( c ) Function Verbs function as predicator (head of a VP). Adjectives can function as predicative complements (after be, become, seem) V They love you. Adj They are fond of you. We regret it. You enjoy it. We became sad. You seem appreciative.

Overlap between categories Some lexemes belong to both categories. We tame them. (verb) They are tame. (adjective) Verb Adjective Inflection: preterite tamed 3 rd per sing tames. Grade: We tame them more Inflection: They are tamer Grade: They are more tame Modifier: We cant use very Modifier: They are very tame Function: predicator Function: PC

When the verb is a gerund participle or past participle, there can be ambiguity between verb and adjective interpretations. They are entertaining. (v/adj) • Entertaining can be a verb when we mean “They are receiving guests” • Entertaining can be an adj when we mean “They are enjoyable”.

• If we add very (They are very entertaining), what category is entertaining? • If we add (They are entertaining some friends), what category is entertaining?

Ex 4 page 126 1. The trains aren’t running today. Verb Inflection: The trains ran yesterday. Modifier: We can’t add very Function: Function is head of a VP. It’s not a PC. The verb be is a progressive auxiliary (it can’t be replaced by seem or become).

Gradable and non gradable adjectives Gradable adjectives denote scalar properties that can apply in varying degrees. Good, old, big are examples of gradable adjectives. (How good? Very good) Some adjectives are non-gradable such as an alphabetical list. It makes no sense to ask how alphabetical a list is, or to say that one list is more alphabetical that another. Alphabetical denotes a non-scalar property.

Some adj can be used both ways (similar to the distinction between count and non count nouns). Non-Gradable Use (basic) Gradable Use (extended) in the public interest the British government a very public quarrel a very British response. The highway is open. He was more open with us than the boss.

Functions Most adjectives can be used attributively and predicatively, there are however many that are restricted to one or other of these two uses: Attributive use 1. A huge hole. 2. utter nonsense 3. the asleep children. Predicative Use 1. The hole was huge. 2. That nonsense is utter. 3. The children were asleep.

1. Huge illustrates the default case, where the adjective appears both attributively and predicatively. 2. Utter is an exceptional case: an attributive-only adjective, which can’t be used predicatively. 1. Asleep is the opposite kind of exception, it can occur predicatively by not attributively: it is a never-attributive adjective.

Postpositive Adjectives Postpositive adjectives function in NP structure as post-head modifiers. 1. everything useful somebody rich Its impossible for the underlined adj to occur in the usual pre-head position-compare everything useful with every useful thing. 2. children keen on sport; a report full of errors The underlined adjectives have their own post head dependents.

Adverbs A virtual disaster. It virtually evaporated. His almost death. He almost died. (noun) (verb) It was virtually impossible. He was almost dead. (adjective) He spoke virtually inaudibly. (adverb) He was wounded almost fatally. Virtually all copies are torn. I have almost no money left. (Det)

Adverbs vs Adjectives Most adjectives can function attributively and predicatively but most adverbs only function as modifiers. Modifier Predicative Complement An impressive performance. She performed impressively Her performance was impressively. adj adv

Overlap between categories Their early departure. adj They departed early. adv Same meaning, but the first is an adjective because it modifies a noun.

That very day. (adj) Very means particular It’s very good. (adv) Very means extremely

Addition of -ly sometimes forms adjectives Noun beast Adjective beastly friend father woman friendly fatherly womanly

It is clear that despite the ly ending the words are adjectives , not adverbs. They can function attributively and predicatively, but do not modify adverbs. Attributive Predicative Modifying Verbs A friendly old man. He seems quite friendly. He behaved friendly.