Parts of speech nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs

Parts of speech: nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs prepositions conjunctions interjections *subjects *predicates *articles (the last 3 are not official POS)

Why learn them? • • Aids in writing skills Assists in reading comprehension Needed in Language Arts classes May be the million dollar question one day on a game show!!!!

The 8 parts of speech • • (copy this slide on notebook paper – continue the 2 nd column under the 1 st) Noun (names) Pronoun (replaces) Adjective (describes) Verb (states action or being) • • Adverb (describes) Preposition (relates) Conjunction(connects) Interjection (expresses strong feeling)

Nouns • Nouns should be familiar to you. • Nouns name people, places, things or ideas • There are common nouns – ones that are not specific and not capitalized • There are Proper Nouns which name specific people, places, things, ideas – and are capitalized!

Now draw a line underneath your Parts of Speech list. Write the following: Noun - a noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or idea.

Now make two columns underneath your definition of noun. • common nouns • Proper Nouns

common nouns (copy these in your first column) • • street book store teacher school happiness city fear

Proper Nouns (copy these in your 2 nd column) • • Planet Hollywood Thomasville Road Broadway Mrs. Phillips New York City Deerlake Middle Publix Schooled

Find the nouns: not on paper, just together as a group • • • My dog, Lucky, ran across the lawn. Mike and John are brothers. I am filled with sadness about her death. “We might win the lottery, ” said Jessie. I need to go to Publix and the mall. She ate an apple and a bologna sandwich. – Hint: there are 18

Here’s a clue about common nouns: if you can put a, an, or the in front of a word, it can be a noun. • • The nouns are in bold print: My dog, Lucky, ran across the lawn. Mike and John are brothers. I am filled with sadness about her death. “We might win the lottery, ” said Jessie. I need to go to Publix and the mall. She ate an apple and a bologna sandwich.

Now let’s practice nouns!

Pronouns (copy the 1 st sentence below on the back of your 1 st page of notes) • A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. • They allow for us to not have to repeat names over and over for one thing. • They allow for us to not repeat places, things, and ideas over and over too.

Pronoun examples: • Sara, Tia, and Joe went to school and Sara, Tia, and Joe were late. • Sara, Tia, and Joe went to school and they were late. • Tom, Jack, and I will eat lunch soon if Tom, Jack, and I finish on time. • Tom, Jack, and I will eat lunch soon if we finish on time.

Copy this list of common pronouns below. • • I you he she it we they me him her us them my/mine your/yours his hers its our/ours their/theirs

Copy both sentences below and circle the pronouns in the 2 nd sentence. • Mary said that Mary was going to give Mary’s cats’ food. • Mary said that she was going to give her cats their food.

The word “it” • “It” is a pronoun. For example: Rosy watered the plant and hung it outside. It is referring to the plant. The word the pronoun refers to is called an antecedent. • The dog broke its leash last night. “its” is referring to the dog. You could also say the dog broke his leash, and his still refers to the dog.

Antecedents: • Below are sentences with the antecedent underlined and the pronoun in bold: • Rob hung two of his favorite paintings. • The book fell on the plate and broke it. • Jay watched the balloons as they floated away.

Common Pronouns: -these are called “personal” pronouns • • • I, me , my, mine you, yours he, him, his, she, hers it, its • we, us • our, ours • they, them, theirs

Copy this list: Other pronouns: • all, any, another, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, neither, none, nothing, one, several, someone, something • • this, that these, those what, which who, whom, whose

Now let’s practice pronouns!

Copy this slide in your Parts of Speech notes where you left off (after Pronouns). Adjectives • Adjectives describe (or modify) nouns or pronouns. • Adjectives answer these questions: – What kind? – How many? -Which one? -How much?

Examples of what kind: • • • famous actress heavy rainfall new car red apples dangerous storms silly boys

Examples of which one: • these tomatoes • those few • ***Notice the words these and those can also be pronouns. It depends on HOW they are used. Ex: These are my shoes. (these replaces shoes, so pronoun)

Examples of how many: • • three weeks five birds many ducks several people

Examples of how much: • • little time much patience additional money extra effort

Copy these examples in your notes: • new shoes • funny movie • these shoes • those movies • seven hours • one day • extra time • little sense

Adjectives are often, but not always, directly in front of nouns. Sam drew a pretty picture. Sam’s picture was pretty.

Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper nouns. Examples: 1) oranges from Florida vs. 2) Florida oranges In the 1 st sentence, Florida is a noun – a proper noun. In the 2 nd sentence, Florida is an adjective –a proper adjective.

There can be many adjectives describing one noun. Ex: These new frozen dinners are tasty and nutritious. Five words above are describing the word dinners.

Copy this in your notes: A special group of adjectives are called articles. There are only three: a, an, the

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Used when comparisons are being made. Examples: small, smaller, smallest pretty, prettier, prettiest fabulous, more fabulous, most fabulous

Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives good, better, best bad, worse, worst many, more, most little, less, least

Let’s practice adjectives!

In your notes, title the new section: VERBS *Copy the information below. There are three kinds of verbs: action, helping, and linking. action verb – a word that expresses action Examples: run, ran, shout, eat, shine, remember, dream, copy, write, read, bleed

*Continue this slide in your notes. Helping verbs • helping verb – a non-action verb that helps the action verb make sense (there are 23) • Examples: am, are, is, was, were, being, been, does, did, have, has, had, may, must, might, can, could, would, shall, will

OK, verbs so far: • action and helping • Bob crept into the room. (crept is the action verb; past tense of creep) • Bob is creeping into the room. (creeping is the action verb and is is helping us to know it is happening now. )

More action and helping verbs. • My friend did eat her lunch. (eat is the action and did lets us know it already happened so did is a helping verb)

In your notes, title the new section: LINKING VERBS Some verbs show BEING instead of action. A linking verb LINKS the subject with another word in the sentence. The other word (or words) will be other nouns or adjectives.

The same words that are helping verbs can also be linking verbs. Some other linking verbs are: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Examples of helping vs. linking: Sara is running. - helping with action Sara is sleepy. – linking sleepy to Sara Mac appeared in the doorway. - action Mac appeared tired. –linking tired to Mac

Let’s practice: Mary will be studying all night. Carl seems so happy. Jake and Marla might have slept all day. The puppy does love his snacks. Luke sounds mad. I will remain in touch with them.