15 Colonialism and Development Anthropology The Exploration of

15 Colonialism and Development Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 12 th Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Colonialism and Development • • • Colonialism Development The Second World Development Anthropology Strategies for Innovation © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3 Colonialism • Imperialism – policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations • Colonialism – political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4 Colonialism • European colonialism had two broad phases – 1492 to 1852 – 1850 to just after end of World War II • Second period more imperialistic © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5 Imperialism • Imperialism almost as old as the state – Colonialism traced back to ancient Phoenicians 3, 000 years ago • Rebellions and wars aimed at independence for American nations ended 1 st phase of European colonialism © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6 British Colonialism • British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population – Driven by need for economic expansion – Peaked about 1914 • First phase of British colonialism concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India – Closed with the American Revolution © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7 British Colonialism • During the second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa – British colonial efforts justified by what Kipling called “white man’s burden” • Asserted native peoples not capable of governing themselves © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8 Map of the British Empire in 1914 Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 496 © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

9 French Colonialism • French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests – First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa – Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10 French Colonialism • Ideological legitimization for French colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”) – Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies – French used two forms of colonial rule • Indirect rule – practice of governing through native political structures and leaders • Direct rule – practice of imposing new governments upon native populations © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

11 Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914 Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 8 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 309 © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

12 Colonialism and Identity • Whole countries, along with social groups and divisions within them, were colonial inventions – Many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

13 Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

14 Postcolonial Studies • Postcolonial – study of interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized – Settler countries – large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations – Nonsettler postcolonies – large native populations and only a small number of Europeans – Mixed postcolonies – sizable native and European populations © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

15 Development • Intervention philosophy – ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions – British Empire – white man’s burden – French Empire – mission civilisatrice – Economic development plans – industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

16 Neoliberalism • New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations – Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop – No restrictions on manufacturing – No barriers to commerce – No tariffs © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

17 Neoliberalism • Prevailed in U. S. until President Roosevelt’s New Deal during the 1930 s • Since fall of Communism (1989 -1991), revival of economic liberalism – Now called neoliberalism – In exchange for loans, governments of Postsocialist and developing nations must accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

18 The Second World • Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations – Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

19 Communism • Two meanings of communism – Small-c communism – social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. – Large C-Communism – political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991 © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

20 Communism • By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states left, compared with 23 in 1985 – China – Cuba – Laos – North Korea – Vietnam © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

21 Communism • Many communist states totalitarian and demanded total submission of the individual to the state – Communist party monopolized power – Relations with party highly centralized and strictly disciplined – Nations had state owners of the means of production – Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an international movement © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

22 Communism • States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda but face problems – Rise of nationalism in form of ethnicreligious minorities – Corruption – Unemployment and poverty – Difficulties establishing new values, social relations, and groups © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

23 Postsocialist Transitions • Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards – Postsocialist Russia has faced many problems • Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology • Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

24 Postsocialist Transitions • Corruption – abuse of public office for private gain – common problem in postsocialist countries – Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state – What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

25 Postsocialist Transitions • Postsocialist and developing nations include promotion of civil society – voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

26 Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

27 Development Anthropology • Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development – Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others – They plan and guide policy © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

28 Development Anthropology • Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

29 The Greening of Java • Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices – Emphasis on front capital and advanced technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers – Ann Stoler’s analysis suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

30 The Greening of Java • Equity – Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth – Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

31 Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange) © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

32 Strategies for Innovation • Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

33 Strategies for Innovation • To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must: – Be culturally compatible – Respond to locally perceived needs’ – Involve men and women in planning and carrying out changes that affect them – Harness traditional organizations – Be flexible © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

34 Strategies for Innovation • Overinnovation – development projects that require too much change – Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible – Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

35 Strategies for Innovation • Underdifferentiation – tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are – Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership – Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

36 Third World Models • Best models for economic development found in target communities – Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.