World War I World History Causes Imperialism Colonialism

World War I World History

Causes • Imperialism – Colonialism – Rivalries between nations – Militarism – Industrialism • Nationalism

To prevent war • Alliances were formed to prevent rival nations from going to war. • Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. • Triple Entente – French for “agreement. – Great Britain, France, Russia. • Later included the United States after Russia withdrew. • Later became known as the “Allied Powers. ”

The Spark • National pride, ethnic wishes, diverse Empires. • The Austrian-Hungarian Empire consisted of many diverse people. – Hungarians, Serbians, Austrians, etc. – Serbians in Austria-Hungary, wanted to be part of Serbia. • Austria refused to allow this. – Franz Ferdinand, nephew to the Austrian Emperor, went to Sarajevo to improve relations with the Serbs. • Assassinated June 28, 1914 along with his wife. • July 28, 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia.

Assassination

World War I begins • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. • Russia has an alliance with Serbia. – Russia declares War on Austria-Hungary. • Germany declared war on Russia. • France declares war, to support Russia and Serbia. • Great Britain declares war.

Review • World War I was caused by only imperialism? T/F • The Triple Alliance consisted of which three nations? • Who was in the Triple Entente? List all members. • The spark occurred in Italy.

Answers • • False Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany Great Britain, France, Russia, United States False

Fast Start • Additional countries joined the cause. • Central Powers Take 2: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, The Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers: France, Russia, Great Britain, ITALY, Japan, the United States (later), other countries. • Battlefield: Belgium, northern France (Western Front). – Belgium was neutral, until it was invaded.

Result • Germany invaded France via neutral Belgium. – Belgium joined the Allies. – Schlieffen Plan. – France and Britain stop German troops 15 miles out of Paris. – Trench warfare happens. • Soldiers, and nations, quickly realized that this war would not be a fast one.

Map

Trench Warfare • Trench: A long narrow ditch in which soldiers lived and fought. – Protected by barbed wire in “no man’s land. ” • No man’s land: the area between both armies. • Armies would attach from one trench to the other. – Result was massive casualties. • Trench warfare continued for 2 years, resulting in countless casualties.

Trenches

Airplanes, Submarines • Airplanes were mainly used to spy, and spot artillery. • Later used in air warfare. – See Red Baron. • Submarines: U-Boot in German (U-Boat). – Used by Germany to sink supplies heading to the Allies. – Neutral ships were also targeted, causing anger, see Lusitania. – Allies made convoys of ships to deter U-Boat attacks.

Weapons, Chemical warfare • Advances were made to the machine gun. – First widespread use in WW I. • 1915: Poison gas used by Germans. – Mustard Gas. • Had tendency to hurt both sides, due to wind. • 1916: British introduce the Tank. – First generation tanks were dangerous to both sides.

Gas/Flame thrower attach-Western Front

The Eastern Front • German, Austrian, Turkish forces versus Russian and Serbian forces. • Russian and Serbian forces at first defeated Austrian and Turkish forces, but were forced into retreat when German forces supplemented the other Central Powers forces. – Russian, Serbian forces did not have much weaponry. – Russians fought from 1914 -1917. – Russian populace blamed the Czar (leader) for the war.

Eastern Front 1, 2

Russian War ends • Germany transports Lenin from Austria to Russia. • Lenin leads a revolution, takes control of Russia. • 1918 Treaty of Brest Litovsk. – Russia gives up Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Ukraine, part of Poland to Germany. – Russia is out of the war.

America and WWI • Causes for entering: – Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany. – Zimmerman Telegram. • Effect: – April 6, 1917 -Congress declares war on Germany. • Shortly after over 1 million troops head to Europe.

The End • 1918: – Central Powers supply of soldiers exhausted. – Allied Powers supply of soldiers exhausted. • Except for America. – November 11, 1918 • Armistice – 11 th Day, 11 th Hour, 11 th Month war ends. • Allied victory.

Peace Treaty Needs • Versailles, France: – Allied Big Four (France, Britain, Italy, United States) meet to discuss surrender terms. • All the groups wanted different things from the defeated Central Powers.

United States Wishes Fair treatment for defeated nations. No more secret treaties. Free travel throughout the world. Reduction in military size everywhere. People being allowed to live with their own nationalities (Serbians living in Serbia, etc). • League of Nations, to prevent another war. • • •

France Wishes • French Premier: George Clemenceau • Wanted to punish Germany. – Wanted reparations from Germany. – Wanted Germany to pay for the entire war cost. • Wanted Germany to return the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. – Lost during Franco-Prussian War.

British Wishes • Prime Minister: Lloyd George. • Wanted to punish Germany. – Wanted Germany’s African colonies. • Wanted to keep France from becoming too powerful.

Italy Wishes • Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando • Allies (France, Britain, Russia) signed a secret treaty with Italy offering land to Italy if they won. – Italy wanted that land.

Outcome for Germany • Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. • Had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France. • Gave its African colonies to France and Great Britain. • Pacific colonies went to Japan. • Accepted full responsibility for starting World War I. • Repaid the Allied for most of the war. – The German people were very angry about this.

Austro-Hungarian Empire • The Austro-Hungarian Empire ceased to exist. – The Empire was divided into Austria, Hungary. – Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were created. – Other land was given to Poland, Italy, and Romania. – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were established.

League of Nations • • Was created by the Treaty of Versailles. Group of nations that wanted to keep peace. Met at Geneva, Switzerland. Many countries did not join the League of Nations. – Congress did not ratify the League of Nations Bill. • Had no real power.

Political Effects • Led to a spread in democracy. • Public elected officials in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia. – Lenin overthrew the government in Russia, creating a dictatorship. • New countries were created. – Some had many “foreign” people.

United States • • The United States became a world power. Strongest economy in the world. Loaned money to recovering countries. Americans wanted to return to isolationism.