The Japanese Colonial Rule in Taiwan Cf Ramon

Ⅰ. 殖民主義三種模式 The Japanese Colonial Rule in Taiwan Cf. Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds. , The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895 -1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 4 -14. A. Comparative Colonialism: Three Major Models of Colonialism 1) The British Model: Allowed the possibility of autonomous development of the emperium’s various components, while still bearing the common burden of trusteeship. 3

2) The French Model: France, drawing on the republican principles of 1789, which its statesmen and thinkers believed were applicable in all times and places, held to theory (though less in practice) that her colonies were parts of an indivisible republic whose global purpose was a mission civilisatrice, the propagation of French civilization. 3) The German Model: creation of a “scientific colonialism. ” This approach was based on the German passion for methodical research and investigation, both of which were seen as prerequisites for economically sound administration and maximum efficiency in the extraction of wealth from colonial territories. a. b. German Deutsch-Sudwestafrika, 1884 -1919 (Namibia). German Deutschost-Afrika, 1884 -1919 (Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Mozambique). 4

Ⅱ. 外籍顧問給「台灣事務局」的建議 The Taiwan Affairs Bureau (Taiwan Jimukyoku 台灣事務局) The TAB met in June 1895 to discuss the management of Taiwan. Michel Lubon, a French adviser, recommended that Taiwan be regarded as a prefecture of Japan in the future, if not now, and that those sections in the Japanese constitution that related to the people’s rights and liberties, and criminal law be implemented at once in the new territory. Lubon asked the Japanese government to follow the example of French relations with Algeria. 5

A different view was submitted by Montague Kirkwood, a British adviser. He made clear that it would be to the advantage of both Japan and the people of Taiwan to regard the island as a colony, legally, politically, culturally, and financially separate from Japan, in the same way that the British colonies of India and Hong Kong were separated from Great Britain. He recommended that the Japanese government create a legislative council in Taiwan, appointed by the governorgeneral, with himself as ex-officio president, to enact necessary colonial laws. He also urged the appointment of several Taiwanese as its members. He also suggested the appointment of as many Taiwanese as possible as local administrators and judges. The TAB accepted the French proposal, but the TAB was disbanded in April 1896. 6

Ⅲ. 日本治台政策辯論 Japanese Policy Debates 1. Law # 63 (六三法) (March 30, 1896) gave the Governor-General a special authority to issue executive ordinances “having the same effect as the law of Japan. ” 2. 特別統治主義 3. 內地延長主義 7

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Model of Colonial Development: Triangular Relation Foreign trade sector F M J Primary-export sector X N Primary sector H C Enclave Hinterland or subsistence sector Dualistic Economy 10

Source: Samuel Ho, “Colonialism and Development: Korea, Taiwan, and Kwantung, ” in Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie, eds. , The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895 -1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 381. The above figure is borrowed, with some minor modification, from Douglas A. Paauw and John C. H. Fei, The Transition in Open Dualistic Economies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), p. 4 X and H: a primary sector, with agriculture its main economic activity. N: a small, emerging non-agricultural sector of services (trade, financial services, transportation and communication) with some manufacturing. J: primary exports. M: manufactured imports. C: commercial services. N supplies X with manufactured goods and commercial services. 11

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Ⅴ. 日本時期的台灣經濟發展 A. 農業發展 Technological Change in Agriculture (1900 -1945) 1. Modern Agricultural Science The Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, established in 1903, followed by district agricultural improvement stations. Successful adaptation of seeds with higher yields, greater resistance to disease and high wind, and more receptivity to fertilizer and intensive care. Sugar Cane: native bamboo cane rose bamboo cane from Hawaii: minor improvements. 1920 s, new cane varieties with average yield more than twice and sugar content 40% higher. 13

Rice Seeds: Tsailai rice (在萊米): 1, 379 kg/ha [hectare公頃=2. 47 acres 英畝] Ponglai rice (蓬萊米) #1 Nakamura (中村), 1924: 1, 594 kg/ha Ponglai rice, Taichung (台中) #65, 1926, 1930 s: 1, 935 kg/ha Fertilizer 肥料 0 Tsailai 在萊米 x Ponglai #65 蓬萊米 y n x+12% y+30% 2 n x+6% y+44% 14

2. New Rural Institutions: Extension Service System 農村新機構: 農業推廣系統 a) Farmers’ Associations(農會): One in every prefecture since 1900 s. b) Small Agricultural Units(農業小組): Several thousands. c) Credit Cooperatives(信用合作社): 13 (1913), 214(1920), 332 (1930), 443 (1940). In the early 1930’s, FAs and SAUs employed 40, 000 persons, of these 13, 000 were extension workers, 9, 000 of them were agricultural advisers working with the SAUs at the village level, one extension worker for every 32 farm households. 15

B. 經濟發展數據 1. 日本進出口失衡 Japan’s Trade Balance 1891 -1905 (million yen) Trade balance Imports of sugar* rice* 1891 -1895 8. 1 10. 8 4. 4 1896 -1900 -62. 0 21. 2 18. 1 1901 -1905 -52. 7 21. 1 37. 9 *Imports of sugar and rice from areas other than Taiwan and Korea. 16

2. 台北與東京之間政府資金流動 (million yen in current prices) 東京 台北* Total government investments Long-term capital imports** 1901 -05 13. 3 28. 8 40. 1 1906 -10 23. 9 45. 7 50. 4 1911 -15 29. 0 67. 8 54. 6 1916 -20 0 84. 8 173. 0 1921 -25 0 110. 7 186. 3 1926 -30 0 121. 7 153. 3 1931 -35 -17. 1 143. 2 14. 0 1936 -38 -64. 8 234. 6 -18. 1 17

台北與東京之間政府資金流動(續) * Transfer receipts of Government General from the Central Government. **Long-term capital imports (including the net transfer receipts from the Central Government). Source: Mizoguchi Toshiyuki and Yamamoto Yuzo, “Capital Formation in Taiwan and Korea, ” in Myers and Peattie, eds. , The Japanese Colonial Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 418. 18

7. 水利投資（1900 -1944） 23

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10. 農稅：WWⅡ前後比較 Agricultural Taxes Pre-WWII 1938 1939 1940 Post-WWII 31. 3% 25. 8% 20. 6% 1952 1953 1954 41. 8% 52. 0% 48. 7% 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 40. 4% 39. 2% 38. 9% 39. 4% 34. 4% 38. 0% 27

Ⅵ. 公共衛生的改進 A. 傳染病一瞥（1870 -1895） Epidemics of cholera, typhus, malaria, etc. occurred fairly often in the pre-20 th century Taiwan. 1874: J T, 3, 000日軍, 死 13, 病525. 1884: Sino-French War, 法軍1, 000人佔領基隆. 770人患病, 160人病死. 1895甲午戰後, 日軍76, 000人 (作戰部隊50, 000人, 軍 伕 26, 000人)佔領台灣. 死 4, 642人. 其中, 164人死於 戰鬥, 4, 478人因疫病而死. 死亡人數佔軍人總數: 4, 642÷ 76, 000=6% 戰死/死亡總數: 164÷ 4, 642=3. 5% 病死/死亡總數: 4, 478÷ 4642=96. 5% 28

B. 平均壽命顯著改變 日據時期, 致力改善公共衛生. 新渡戶稻造 (Nitobe Inazo) 主持衛生政務, 成效卓著. Mean Life Expectancy: males females pre-1905 27. 1 29. 0 post-1906 41. 1 45. 7 Death Rates 1906 31. 3/1, 000 1943 17. 6/1, 000 29