1 CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Founded

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CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research • Founded in 1954 by 12 countries – Norway one of them • Today: 20 member states, around 2500 staff – around 15 from Norway (too few), plus fellows and technical students • More than 8000 users from all over the world – around 100120 from Norway - reasonable • ~1000 MCHF / Year budget – Norway pay around 2% 2004: The 20 member states 2

HEP in Norway Red: Universities (offering everything up through Ph. D) – Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Blue: University Colleges currently involved at CERN (offering up through master), some also involved in the ATLAS/ALICE experiment – and all technical students 3

CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties. • Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors • The highest energy of any accelerator in the world • The most intense beams of colliding particles • It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space 4

4 th ATLAS Physics Workshop Athens, May 2003 Speakers age distribution of 103 (of the 104) talks 28 female and 76 male speakers 5

Norway at CERN (the last 20 years): • At LEP the effort was focused on DELPHI and some fixed target experiments (for heavy ion studies) • For LHC Norway participate in ATLAS and ALICE, taking on important construction tasks in both (silicon detector systems, calorimeter modules, trigger and readout electronics and cryogenic tasks) • Norwegian/Nordic effort to prepare computing facilities for data analysis CERN 2 nd site CERN main site Geneva Airport SPS accelerator LHC accelerator LEP earlier 6

LHC detector construction The major technology activities at CERN last 8 years: Construction of silicon modules for ATLAS (Ui. B, Ui. O) - Completed successfully PHOS detector readout for ALICE (Ui. B, Ui. O) - Ongoing High Level Trigger development for ALICE (Ui. B, Ui. O) - Ongoing Construction of cryogenics tanks for ATLAS (NTNU, Ui. O, Industry) - Completed succesfully RD 50 (Ui. O, SINTEF) – R&D work for future detector systems - Ongoing 7

New programmes 2006 -2011 Main goals: best possible science, more people to/involved at CERN, technology contacts with projects and people. Organised in 3 approved projects: (1) ATLAS and (2) ALICE: Physics analysis, detector operation, pattern recognition software – mostly the experimental particle physics and heavy ions groups at Ui. B and Ui. O – in ATLAS and ALICE. Include also staff for Bergen and Gjøvik University Colleges. Theory programs for theoretical physicist but limited funding Links to Norwegian part of Nordic GRID facility for data-analysis (3) Instrumentation and technology: Program related to R&D for new detector and electronics making use of new combined Ui. O and SINTEF facilities, a Technology Student program funded until 2011, Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer Officer, 1 FTE in CLIC development (and active at CERN). In addition (outside CERN related funding) : Astroparticle physics related to Planck and Gravitational lensing Strengthen new and better involvement of the Norwegian low energy nuclear physics community at ISOLDE (radioactive beam) – funding not secured GRID program for computing 8

Technology and Particle Physics Key technologies – Magnet technology and super conductive systems – Medical imaging and radiation treatment – Information technologies (WEB, GRID) Grid is an emerging infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe – Surface science and materials – etc Norwegian involvement in this: – Technical students from Norway at CERN – today there are 10 Norwegians out of 120 in total – Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer activities – Norwegian Companies and Research Institutes – Physicists and engineers from Universities 9

Accelerator and experiments, big objects 10

Proton/Proton collisions 5 ns 2 1011 protons per bunch Event rate in detectors : N 1, 000, 000 interactions/s Interesting hard events are rare Selection of 1 in 10, 000, 000 very powerful detectors needed 11

Sequence q, g Higgs q, g 12

Sequence , p, K, … Higgs , p, K, … !!!!!! Close to 109 p-p coll/sec !!!!! Gives H in this channel: 100/year 13

Registration Tracks Energy 14

Higgs signature at the LHC The two proton beams at the LHC will collide head-on 100 million times per second We expect only 1 Higgs in 1, 000, 000 events 15

CERN, Internet and the WWW 16

The LHC Data Challenge The accelerator will be completed in 2008 and run for 10 -15 years Experiments will produce about 15 Million Gigabytes of data each year (about 20 million CDs!) LHC data analysis requires a computing power equivalent to ~100, 000 of today's fastest PC processors Requires many cooperating computer centres, as CERN can only provide ~20% of the capacity Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department 17

Solution: the Grid Use the Grid to unite computing resources of particle physics institutes around the world The World Wide Web provides seamless access to information that is stored in many millions of different geographical locations The Grid is an infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department 18

The ATLAS Detector ATLAS superimposed to the 5 floors of building 40 Diameter Barrel toroid length End-cap end-wall chamber span Overall weight 25 m 26 m 46 m 7000 Tons 19

The ATLAS Collaboration 36 Countries 165 Institutions 2000 Scientific Authors 20

all parti al 3 4 5 6 2 8 1 9 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 21 1 0

Silicon detector system (partly built in Norway) 22

How does the Grid work? It makes multiple computer centres look like a single system to the end-user Advanced software, called middleware, automatically finds the data the scientist needs, and the computing power to analyse it. Middleware balances the load on different resources. It also handles security, accounting, monitoring and much more. Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department 23