1 2 Dimensions dimensional homogeneity and units Dimensions

1. 2 Dimensions, dimensional homogeneity, and units: Dimensions and units: To define the fluid characteristics we have to describe these characteristics both qualitatively and quantitatively: Qualitative aspects identifies the type of the characteristics such as length, time, stress, and velocity), whereas the quantitative aspect provides a numerical measure of the characteristics. Quantitative aspect requires both a number and standard by which various quantities can be compared. The standard for length might be meter or foot, for time an hour or second, and for mass a slug or kilogram such standard are called units. As an illustrative example, the velocity of a flying object is 300 km/hr

For many problems involving fluid mechanics, only the three basic dimensions, L, M, T are required. Alternatively L, F, T could be used where F is the basic dimension of force.

• Dimensionally homogeneous equations: • If we have an equation represents velocity of a uniformly accelerated body: , Which is general homogeneous equation. • Notice: general homogeneous equations are valid in any system of units.

• 1. 2. 1 Systems of units: • - British Gravitational (BG) System: • In this system the unit of length is foot (ft) , the time unit is second (s), the force unit is pound (lb), and the temperature unit is the degree Fahrenheit (o. F) or the absolute temperature unit is the degree Rankin (o. R), • Where, • The mass unit called slug is defined from Newton‟s second law (force=mass*acceleration) as 1 lb = (1 slug)(1 ft/s 2) • This relation indicates that a 1 lb force acting on a mass of 1 slug will give it an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2. • The weight W (which is the force due to gravity, g) of mass, m is given by the equation • Since the earth’s standard gravity is taken as mass of 1 slug weighs 32. 2 lb under standard gravity. • - International System (SI): • Length, meter (m) • Time, second (s) • Mass, kilogram (kg) It follows that the

• Temperature, Kelvin (K) , • Force, Newton (N) , • g in SI units = 9. 81 m/s 2 then 1 kg mass weighs 9. 81 N under standard gravity. • Work, Joule (J) , 1 J=1 N. m • Power, watt (w), 1 W=1 J/s = 1 N. m/s • -English Engineering (EE) System: • Mass, pound mass (lbm) • Force, pound force (lb) • Length, foot (ft) • Time, second (s) • Temperature, degree Rankin (o. R) • For EE, a 1 lb force is defined as that force which gives a 1 lbm a standard acceleration of gravity which is taken as 32. 174 ft/s 2. Thus for, to be both numerically and dimensionally correct so that, • • Where, g is the local acceleration of gravity. Under the standard condition of gravity (g=gc). The weight in pounds and the mass in pound mass are

• numerically equal. Since 1 lb force gives a mass of 1 lbm an acceleration of 32. 174 ft/s 2 and a mass of 1 slug an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2 it results in • 1 slug = 32. 174 lbm • The table below gives the conversion factors from SI units to BG and EE units

-Units prefixes:

• 1. 3 Analysis of fluid behavior: • The study of fluid mechanics involves: Newton‟s second law of motion, conservation of mass, and first and second law of thermodynamics. • Fluid mechanics can be generally subdivided into fluid statics (where fluid is at rest) and fluid dynamics (where the fluid is in motion), as shown below:

• Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest where there is no relative movement between fluid elements. As a consequence, there is no shear force and all forces due to the pressure of fluid are normal to the surface on which they act. • Fluid dynamics deals with the fluids at motion, so the shear forces are involved and fluid properties such as density and viscosity has to be considered in the analysis. • Hydrostatics treats with the statics of the incompressible fluids such as liquids. • Hydrodynamics deals with the dynamic study of incompressible fluid • Gasdynamics is the dynamic study of compressible fluids.

• 1. 4 Measure of fluid mass and weight: • 1. 4. 1 density (ρ) is defined as the mass per unit volume in SI units in BG units • Specific volume ( v) is the volume per unit mass which is the inverse of the density this property is not commonly used in fluid mechanics but is used in thermodynamics. • 1. 4. 2 Specific weight ( ) is defined as the weight per unit volume in SI units = lb/ft 3 in BG units

• 1. 4. 3 Specific gravity (SG) “the ratio of densities” • Is defined as the ratio of the density of fluid to the density of water at the same specific temperature. • Then • 1. 5 Ideal gas law: • • • Where, P is the absolute pressure (measured relative to absolute zero pressure) Notice: absolute zero pressure = 101 kpa (abs) = 14. 7 psi (abs) ρ is the gas density T is the absolute temperature K R is the universal gas constant = 2. 869 E 2 j/kg. k for air Pressure in a fluid at rest is defined as the normal force per unit area exerted on a plane surface immersed in a fluid.

• 1. 6 Viscosity: • Fluid viscosity is the property for all real fluids that relates shear stress and fluid motion by means of sustaining frictional resistance to motion. • When a fluid subjected to a shear force it deforms continuously (flows). It is found that the shear stress (shear force divided by the surface area and denoted by ) is proportional to the time rate of deformation (strain). That is du⁄dy and expressed the velocity change divided by the distance over which the change occurs.

Another notation of viscosity is the kinematic viscosity (v ) which is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density in (m 2/s) and its dimension is L 2/T. charts of absolute and kinematic viscosity is given in figures B. 1 and B. 2