WWII Overview n n n n Rise of

WWII

Overview n n n n Rise of dictators in Europe (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin) U. S. involvement in war War in Europe and War in Pacific Effects of war on United States (home front) Atom Bomb Holocaust Effects of the War

Rise of Dictators in Europe Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler 1. 2. 3. 4. Background Describe how they rose to power What were their goals for their country? How did this leader interact with other countries? What aggressive acts did they take towards other surrounding countries and peoples?

Hitler Aspired to be an artist n Escaped Austria to avoid military service – captured, failed physical n Enlisted in Germany army n Temporarily blinded during WWI n Military doctor labeled him as “dangerously psychotic” and “incompetent to command people” n 1923 - Mein Kampf - outlined his plans for Germany, blamed Jews for WWI loss, wrote about extermination n 1933 - Appointed Chancellor – elected by people!!!! n 1934 – Declared himself Der Fuhrer (the leader). n

Mussolini n n n n 8 yrs. old - banned from church for pinching and throwing stones at people 11 yrs. old - expelled from school for stabbing a fellow student in the hand 1902 - emigrated to Switzerland to escape military service and become involved in the socialist movement “Country is nothing without expansion” Started fascism Appointed prime minister by king Established dictatorship – rule by one

Stalin Name means “man of steel” n Wanted to establish Soviet Union as a leader in industry n Totalitarian – maintain complete control over citizens n Estimated he was responsible for deaths of 8 to 13 million of his own people n

Japan Many Japanese blamed democratic government for depression – allowed military to gain too much power n Population Explosion – 65 million people n Need raw materials and land to manage growing population n Military seized power n

Japan Many Japanese blamed democratic government for depression – allowed military to gain too much power n Population Explosion – 65 million people n Need raw materials and land to manage growing population n Military seized power n

Germany’s Aggression n n n n 1935 – Invaded Saar 1936 – Invaded Rhineland 1938 – Invaded Austria 1938 – Invaded Sudetenland (Western Czech) 1939 – Czechoslovakia 1939 – Invaded Poland 1940 – Invaded Denmark, Norway 1940 - Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg 1940 – France http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_wwtwo_movies. shtml

Italy’s Aggression n Ethiopia – invaded only independent country left in Africa

Japanese Aggression n n n 1932 -Seized all of Manchuria (Manchurian Incident) 1932 -Naval officers killed Prime Minister of Japan 1937 -Invaded China 1940 -Announced plan of liberating Asia from European colonizers 1940 -Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies 1940 -Seize French Indochina

Pearl Harbor - WHY? n n n Japan needed oil for war America had cut off oil because they were being too aggressive. 80+% of Japan's imports came from the U. S. Japan wanted to take over Malaya and Singapore in Asia to get oil – knew America would come to aid of Britain in defense of their colonies in this region Their goal was to take out U. S. naval fleet so that they could not be a factor. http: //users. swing. be/navbat/cartes/11. html

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live in infamy” n 7 -9: 45 a. m. – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor n 2, 400 Americans killed n 1, 200 Americans wounded n 19 warships sunk or severely damaged n 200 planes destroyed

Reaction to Pearl Harbor Attack How did Americans respond to an attack on our soil?

December 8, 1941 – U. S. declares war on Japan December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declare war on U. S.

Mobilizing for War Selective Training and Service Act – 21 to 35 yr. old males must register GIs – Government Issue (name for over 16 million Americans who served during WWII) Rationing – meant to fairly distribute scarce items

How did WWII affect this group living in the United States? P. 361 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Women African Americans Mexican American Media Japanese Americans

Japanese Internment • “war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense” December 11, 1941 - FBI detained 1370 Japanese Americans classified as "dangerous enemy aliens. "

War in Europe – have book open to page 374 n 1940 – 1943 ->North Africa -> Allies defeat Italy and Germany to gain control of countries in North Africa n 1941 - 1942 ->Germany invades Russia to gain “own” supplies of oil and food. Russia withstood invasion and successfully fought Germans back to Berlin.

• 1943 - 1945 -> Italy – Allies force Italy and Germany to surrender in Italy. Mussolini was killed by Italians as he tried to flee. • June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allied troops land in France http: //www. discoverychannel. co. uk/ww 2_home/d_day. shtml

Saving Private Ryan • The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a special 800 number to help the hundreds of former soldiers who were traumatized after seeing the film. • The two "German" soldiers who are shot trying to surrender were speaking Czech. They were saying, "Please don't shoot me, I am not German, I am Czech, I didn't kill anyone, I am Czech!" They were members of what the Germans called Ost [East] Battalions, men mostly Czech and Polish - taken prisoner in eastern European countries invaded by Germany and forced into the German. • Real amputees were used for the shots of people with limbs missing • 40 barrels of fake blood were utilized in the opening battle scene

End of War in Europe n n April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 – Germany surrenders

Warm-up – August 31 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. February 1944: U. S. takes these islands after heavy fighting. June 1944: The Japanese loses almost all of their warplanes in this sea battle. October 1944: The Japanese suffer their first major defeat. Feb-March 1945: Americans suffer heavy casualties but their victory of this location allows them to bomb Japan more aggressively. April-June 1945: U. S. suffers thousands of casualties but manages to take this strategic island south of Japan. (a)Okinawa (b)Iwo Jima (c)Marshall Islands (d)Leyte Gulf (e)Philippine Sea

War in Pacific Japanese goal Eliminate Americans forces from region leaving them the natural resources of Southeast Asia December, 1941 - Philippines n Hours after Pearl Harbor attack, Japan attacked air base in Philippines – Clark Field n April 1942 – Japan overrun Americans in Philippines Bataan Death March – American surrendered and are forced to march 60 miles to trains. 10, 000 died during march 15, 000 died in camps after march (Beheading, throat-cutting, and shooting were common causes of death, in addition to death by bayonet, rape, disembowelment, rifle-butt beating, and deliberate starvation or dehydration)

May, 1942 - Battle for Australia and Battle of Coral Sea • Americans prevented Japan from invading Australia June, 1942 - Battle for Midway Island • American victory – cracked Japanese code • Sank four carriers and destroyed 250 planes October, 1944 to June, 1945 - Battle for Philippines • October 1944 – 160, 000 American troops land • Kamikazes – suicide planes • June 1945 – Allies control Philippines

February, 1945 - Battle of Iwo Jima n Americans force invade beach of volcanic island n 25, 000 Americans killed n Serviceman raising flag – lasting image of sacrifices of soldiers April to June, 1945 - Battle for Okinawa n Last stance before Japanese mainland n Bonzai Attacks – kill and be killed n 50, 000 Americans killed

What next? Invade Japan n Use new weapon n

Atomic Bomb feared that Hitler was very close to developing his own bomb n Albert Einstein – convoyed fears n Manhattan Project - one of the largest and most costly research and development programs of all time n

n Truman – made decision to drop the bombs WHY? to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destruction and instilling fear

Hiroshima = “Little Boy” Estimated 140, 000 deaths Nagasaki = “Fat Man” Estimated 80, 000 deaths

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

“”If Germany had used the bombs on us, can anyone doubt that we would then have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime, and that we would have sentenced the Germans who were guilty of this crime to death at Nuremberg and hanged them? ” Leo Szilard- played a major role in the Manhattan Project

Holocaust • Systematic murder of 11 million people – Jews Gypsies Jehovah’s Witnesses • Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews • Hitler proposes the Final Solution – plans for the systematic killing of Jews – SS (Security Squadrons) – rounded up Jews and shot them – Ghettos – Jews were rounded up and sealed off in ghettos – Concentration Camps – work camps, gas chambers, experiments, crematoriums

1)What is anti-Semitism? 2)Life Before Holocaust in Nazi controlled areas 3)Ghettos and Einsatzgruppen 4)Concentration Camps 5)Rescue and Liberation