The East Asian World Rise of Ming Dynasty

The East Asian World

• Rise of Ming Dynasty – – Outline Zheng He Contact with Europeans Culture/Society Decline of Ming • Rise of Qing Dynasty – Kangxi – European influence – Culture/Society • Tokugawa Japan – European influence – Economy and society • Korea

• 1368 -1644 • Ruler was Ming Hong Wu, or “Ming Martial Emperor” • China grew to include parts of Mongolia, Central Asia, and Vietnam • Ming improvements Rise of the Ming Dynasty – – Centralized government School systems Factories for producing goods Public works projects like canals for shipping – Introduction of new, easier to produce, crops

• Voyages of Zheng He – Yong Le, son of Ming Hong Wu, begins voyages into Indian Ocean – Made an enormous profit through trade…but some did not agree with trade • Confucius ideas condemned it – Voyages halted following Yong Le’s death (1424) • Contact with Europeans – Portuguese arrive in 1514, first contact since Marco Polo • Brought Christian missionaries • Exchange of ideas was biggest gain (no trade) – Chinese saw themselves as superior to European “barbarians” Exploration and Invitation

Fall of the • Problems within the Ming Dynasty empire – Weak rulers, high taxes, and poor crop production all led to a downfall – Disease epidemic also killed thousands • Li Zicheng’s peasant revolt – Sparked by epidemic – Capital city of Beijing taken in 1644 – Fighting over who would rule China ensued

• Manchu Dynasty Rise of the Qing Dynasty – Came from Manchuria, area northeast of the Great Wall • Made up 1% of Chinese population – Conquered Zicheng’s army, taking control of China • Qing adaptations – All Chinese men had to shave heads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue – The Manchu people were made “distinct” from all other people • Most were made nobles • Some were made banners, the chief Chinese fighting force – Chose to share power with the Chinese • 80% of government jobs owned by Chinese

• Qing economy – Popularity of artwork like blue and white porcelain grows – Growth in business and jobs • Higher population and food production – Did not see commercial capitalism, or private business based off profit, we see in Europe • Government controlled business • Agricultural jobs still the biggest employer

• Kangxi’s rule Reign of Kangxi – 1661 -1722 – Ruled for longest period in the history of China • Expansion – Stopped revolts within China – Gained territories in Taiwan, Vietnam, Russia, Mongolia, & Tibet • Religion – 1692 – Issues Edict of Toleration allowing worship of Christianity, as well as missionaries • Christians split on issue of ancestor worship – 1715 – Pope condemns ancestor worship in China • Kangxi forbides missionaries, says they cause trouble

• Qianlong – Ruled 1736 -1795 – Weak ruler, corruption grows in China White Lotus Rebellion – 1796 -1804 – Launched in response to high taxes, weak rule, corruption – Rebellion is stopped, but at great cost to Qing dynasty European interference – See moment of weakness as opportunity – Chinese allow trade, but under strict rules – British request more open trade with the Chinese • Told the Chinese do not need the British or their manufacturers Role of Europeans • •

• The Chinese family – Society revolves around the family Family Life – Individuals sacrificed their desires for benefit of family – Extended family – grandparents, children, and children’s spouses under same roof – Clan – Up to hundreds of families sharing religious and social activities • Role of women – – Inferior to men Could not be educated Could not divorce or inherit property If they did not produce a son, a second wife could be picked up

• Rise Tokugawa Japan – 250 separate territories called hans – Daimyo, or heads of noble families, ruled and controlled their own lands • Controlled by a hostage system in which their families are held under shogunate custody – Late 1500 s, 3 leaders emerged to change this • Oda Nobunga – Seized the capital, Kyoto, and began the change • Toyotomi Hideyoshi – Inherited power from Oda – Persuaded many daimyo to surrender power • Tokugawa Ieyasu – Inherited power from Toyotomi – Took complete control of Japan, creating central authority and beginning the “Great Peace”

• Portuguese arrive in 1543 European Influence – Want to capitalize on Japanese trade with China • Goods – Japanese impressed with European goods – Use guns to conquer enemies • Religion – Francis Xavier is first missionary – Thousands converted • Kicking out Europeans – Christian practice of destroying shrines upsets Japanese, Europeans booted – A small Dutch community is allowed to remain and trade

• Trade – Like Chinese, Japanese reluctant to trade (Confucius) – Tokugawa rule encourages trade Economy and Society • Class System – 4 classes • Warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants • Below these are the eta, or Japanese outcasts – Marriage between classes is forbidden • Role of Women – Parents arranged marriages, wife moved in with husband’s family – Valued for role of child bearers and homemakers • Culture – Literature, theater, and art grew in popularity and importance

• Yi Dynasty Korea • Rulers patterned their economy and society after the Chinese • Because of isolation, Korea known as “the Hermit Kingdom” • 1630 s – After being weakened by Japanese invaders, Koreans are conquered by Chinese