What are all living things made of All

What are all living things made of? All living things are made up of cells. You have seen two cells, an amoeba and a paramecium. What did you notice about their sizes? They are really small, microscopic. What is needed in order to see cells? The microscope needed to be invented and improved in order to see cells clearly

If you couldn’t see something, how would you know it exists? The invention of the compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen in the late 1500’s allowed for the study of cells to occur – Cytology is the study of cells Cytology

Cell Study and Discovery • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1678) - Used simple scopes to see “animalcules” – First to observe bacteria and protists • Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed cork. First to use the term “cells” • Matthias Schleiden (1888) – All plants are made up of cells • Theodore Schwann (1889) – All animals are made up of cells • Rudolph Virchow (1889) – Cells come from preexisting cells.

**The Cell Theory** • • • All living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things Cells come from pre-existing cells

All living things are made up of cells. What in this room is like a cell? What is a cell? Cell – Basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Would a microscopic organism like a bacteria need to be very complex? Bacteria are simple, very small organism that can control what comes in and out of them, and can reproduce themselves because they have DNA and structures called ribosomes (for protein synthesis)

Types of cells 1. Prokaryotic cells – Primitive cells – “before the nucleus” – *No nucleus* DNA Cell Wall – No organelles surrounded by a membrane – Found in bacteria – Have only a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA & ribosomes DNA

What about our cells that are specific to their function? Do they need to be more complex? Yes or No? Why? Since our cells have specific functions, there is a greater level of complexity

2. Eukaryotic *“True nucleus”* – Have membrane – bound organelles – All other kingdoms except bacteria • Contain Organelles – Specialized structures within the cytoplasm to perform distinct processes within the cell

Comparing the Two Cytoplasm DNA Cell Membrane

Structures common to both Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells • • • Cell Membrane Ribosomes DNA Cytoplasm Cell Walls (not in Animal or some Protist cells though!)

Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria Cell Membrane DNA

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Cytoplasm – The jelly-like fluid filled area within a cell – Like our blood plasma, contains dissolved monomers like glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins and mineral plus ionic substances like Na. Cl

Cytoskeleton - Network of protein strands that provide support and mobility of organelles in cytoplasm. - 2 components of cytoskeleton - Microfilaments and Microtubules (both made of protein)

Nucleus – Only in Eukaryotic cells. Nuclear Membrane – *Stores hereditary information DNA (DNA). – Surrounded by a double nuclear membrane or envelope w/ pores. membrane – Nucleolus (1 or >) produces Nucleolus ribosomes Nucleolus

Mitochondria - *Powerhouse of the cells. - Supplies energy to the cell (*Site of Cellular respiration) - Double membrane with inner membrane folded to increase surface area - Has its own DNA and ribosomes and can replicate themselves! - Found in greater numbers in cells such as muscle cells & liver cells (2500/cell) Cristae Double Membrane

Ribosomes – Most numerous organelle. *Site of protein synthesis. Link amino acids together to form proteins Made up of RNA and protein. May be free floating in cytoplasm or attached on Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum – Maze of folded channels connected to the nuclear envelope. . • There are two types of ER: 1 – Rough w/ ribosomes attached for production & distribution of proteins. 2 – Smooth – Synthesis of lipids & detoxification of toxins. *Many in the liver

Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) – Stack of smooth flat sacs - Modifies, collects, packages & distributes molecules to all parts of a cell

Lysosomes - *Produces digestive enzymes – Are the cells' garbage disposal system. They breakdown worn out organelles – Clean up dead cells – Responsible for the un-webbing of hands of fetus while developing in utero – These are rare in plant cells

Vesicles – Temporarily isolate and transport specific molecules – Proteins produced in the RER – Lipids produced in the SER – End up in Golgi Apparatus to be processed.

Vacuoles - *Stores food, water and wastes - Plant cells have a very large central water vacuole for support vacuole Acts like a giant water balloon that pushes on the cell wall - Animal cells have many small vacuoles

Centrioles – Found in animal cells 2 perpendicular bundles of microtubules - Function during cell division

Cell Wall • Found in plants, algae, fungus and bacteria • Gives cell rigidity, support and protection. • Made up of cellulose with pectin (glue) between adjacent cells.

Chloroplasts - found in leaves and some stems Convert solar energy into energy rich molecules (glucose) - Photosynthesis • Double membrane - Inner & outer membrane • Contain Chlorophyll, DNA and ribosomes – They can replicate as needed (with more sunlight)

Cell Membrane – Present in ALL CELLS. - Separates the cell’s internal environment from the external environment. - Allows for the passage of some substances based on size and concentration - Selectively Permeable due to pores being present

Made of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins floating through it. • Outer part of membrane is made up of polar, hydrophilic heads • Inner part of membrane is made up of nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails • Proteins through membrane allow for passage of materials across the membrane

• In the "fluid mosaic model" of membrane structure says that the molecules within the membrane move around. – Phospholipids regularly move sideways & flip – Proteins can not flip around Rap

Typical Animal Cell 1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus (envelope) 3. Rough Er 4. Vesicle 5. Ribosome 6. Golgi Apparatus 7. Cytoskeleton 8. Smooth ER 9. MITOCHONDRIA 10. Vacuole 11. Cytoplasm Go to cellsalive. com 12. Lysosome 13. Centrioles

1. Nucleus 2. Ribosomes 3. Mitochondria 4. Chloroplasts 5. Cell Membrane 6. Cytoplasm 7. Cell Wall 8. Central Vacuole 9. Golgi Apparatus 10. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Typical Plant Cell

Cheek Cells Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane

Elodea

Onion Cells

Typical Animal Cell 1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus 3. Ribosome 4. Vacuole 5. Rough ER 6. Golgi Apparatus 7. Microtubule 8. Smooth ER 9. Mitochondria 10. Vacuole 11. Cytoplasm Typical Animal Cell 12. Lysosome 13. Centriole

Organelle Function Plant Cells Animal Cells Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration - transfer of energy - Folds called Cristae Yes Ribosomes Site of Protein synthesis Yes Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough - Protein packaging & transport site Yes Smooth - Sythesis of lipids Yes Golgi Apparatus Processing & packaging center for cell secretions Few Many Lysosomes Produce hydrolytic enzymes Few Many Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments - keep cell's shape and for movement Yes Microfilaments & microtubules Support, movement and cell division Yes Cilia & Flagella Cell movement & circulation Cilia - many & short, Flagella - 1 or 2 & long Yes Nucleolus Production of ribosomes Yes Nucleus Contains DNA, synthesizes RNA & Ribosomes Yes Nucleic Acid DNA & protein - genetic information Yes Cell Wall Outmost layer of plant cell - support & protection Made of cellulose & pectin glue between walls Yes No Vacuole Stores enzymes, wastes, water & food Large water in plants - support Yes, large water vacuole Many Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll for Photosynthesis Yes No Centrioles Microtubules that function during cell division No Yes Yes Cell Membrane Selectively permeable - made of a bilipid layer &