Classification Chapter 18 How are living things organized

Classification Chapter 18

How are living things organized for study?

Classification § To study the _____ of life, biologists use a classification system to _____ organisms and ______ them in a logical manner § Why? § Common names can be confusing (buzzard) or misleading (starfish) § Taxonomy: discipline of ______organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted _______ § In science we use ___________, a 2 -part naming system developed by Carolus ______ (1700 s).

Binomial Nomenclature § Rules: § Both words must be in ______ or underlined. § The first letter of the first word (the ____) is _______. § The second word (the _____) is in _________. § Always written in _______ ( language most of English is derived from) § Example §Felis catus

Kingdoms and Domains There are 2 different Systems of Classification: 1) ____________ 1) Monera § Eubacteria § Archaebacteria 2) Protista 3) Fungi 4) Plantae 5) Animalia 2) _______________ (“superkingdoms”) 1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya

Classification System § Linnaeus created a classification system based on organism’s _____ and ______. § He created 7 _____ (classification “groups”, domain added later) from _____ to most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species § Dumb Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

Brown Squirrel § Kingdom: _______ (“is an animal”) § Phylum: Chordata (“has a spine”) § Class: ______ (“nurses its young”) § Order: Rodentia (“has long sharp front teeth”) § Family: ______ (“has a bushy tail”) § Genus: Tamiasciurus (“climbs trees”) § Species: _________ (“has brown fur on its back and white fur on its underparts”)

How do we determine how similar or how dissimilar certain organisms are?

Cladistics § Cladistics is one method of _________phylogenies (how they are related) based on _______ traits. § Patterns of ______ characteristics § _______ traits are new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time. § These derived traits are displayed on a cladogram. § Shows the ________ relationships among a group of organisms

Cladogram

DICHOTOMOUS KEY § A tool used to identify ______ or ________. § A list of characteristics become more _______ as they describe the particular item of interest. § Forced-choice selection between two characteristic options § Follow directions next to characteristic until you get to a species (like “choose your own path books”)