Welcome to Arkansas History Chapter 03 Explorers and

• Welcome to Arkansas History • Chapter 03 - Explorers and Invaders

Bell Work Agenda: Explorers & Invaders Homework: read pages 61 - 67 Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas. 1. 2. Who fueled the fires of exploration? What Spanish explorer arrived about 50 years after Columbus? ostentatious - (adjective) overly showy, pretentious.

• Time Line – 1492 – 1780 • People to know… – Chief Angaska – John Cabot – Columbus – Hernando de Soto – Bernard de la Harpe – Jean Baptiste Filhiol - Henri de Tonti - Louis Joliet - La Salle - John Law - Marquette

• Places to Locate – Arkansas Post – Arkansas River – France – Great Britain – Mississippi River – Spain

• Europeans Invade Arkansas – Exploration changes both cultures – Religion – New land – Trade routes – Resources – Knowledge

• Columbus Fuels the Fire – Columbus told stories of great wealth when he returned to Europe – Other countries followed – England sent John Cabot to find a shorter route to Asia. – England claimed lands in the new world. • Spain, France, Holland, Italy, Great Britain, and Portugal all began to explore and claimed lands to establish trade.

• Hernando De Soto – Conquistadors means, “one who conquers. ” – Found large amounts of gold and silver in Mexico, when they landed 50 years after Columbus. – La Florida • 600 men wandered across the southeast • Treated natives badly – Stole food and supplies from the Indians • Killed and enslaved many Indians • Greatest fine – Mississippi River but no more great

• Invading Arkansas – Crossed the Mississippi River in the spring of 1541 – Found many native villages that they described as impressive. – De Soto hoped to supply his troops. – De Soto told the natives that he was “the son of the sun” and promised to bring rain. It did rain the next day. – The Indians did seem to see de Soto as a god.

• Problems Continue – Short on food and supplies – Lost much of their livestock – Many of his men died from disease or while fighting native groups. – The Tula Indians of western Arkansas were not intimidated by the Spanish and killed many using there long lances used for buffalo hunting.

• Problems Continue – After nearly a year, de Soto died from disease. – His body was wrapped and weighted down and dropped in the Mississippi River. • They didn’t want to let the Indians know that the god, de Soto was dead. – The remaining men fled down the river. – When they reached Mexico, around 300 men were left. – Spain did not return for many years.

Bell Work Agenda: Explorers & Invaders Homework: Reading Guide Ch 03 - Theme 02 Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas. 1. Who crossed the Mississippi River in 1541 to enter Arkansas? 2. What happened to de Soto? Word of the Day adulation - (noun) extreme admiration.

• Changes for Native Americans – Disease was one of the most devastating changes to Native Americans. • Measles, tuberculosis, mumps, influenza, chicken pox and smallpox. • Their bodies had no immunities to these diseases. • These disease spread quickly and killed many Native Americans. – Killed and enslaved many Native Americans. – The lives enjoyed by many Native Americans were changed forever.

• Studying Tree Rings – Scientist have also found evidence in tree rings, that they may have experienced severe drought during this time.

• Legend of the Razorback – Have you ever wondered were we got the Razorbacks? – It is believed that domestic hogs escaped from the Spanish during a storm.

• French Explorers – With all the difficulties faced by de Soto, the Spanish did not return for nearly 100 years. – The French are going to take advantage of the Spanish absence. – King Louis XIV is going to push for more exploration. – 1673 - Catholic Priest Jacques Marquette and a fur trapper named Louis Joliet are going to travel down the Mississippi River to explore.

• French Explorers – Encountered the Quapaw Indians at the confluence of the White and Arkansas Rivers. • Confluence – were two rivers or streams come together. – Wanted to establish good relationship with the Indians, unlike the Spanish. – The French treated the Indians much better. • Two reasons – Religion – Trade

• French Explorers – Welcomed with • a ceremony • a feast • and an exchange of gifts. – Warned about the Spanish. • returned to Canada • believed the Mississippi River went to the Gulf of Mexico. • established good relationship with the Indians

• The Calumet Ceremony – The Calumet is a decorated pipe on a long stick (peace pipe). • • • Symbol of peace and friendship Used to negotiate with others The men would sit and smoke together. Dancing and feasting The Calumet is then given as a gift and to provide protection as they traveled.

• La Salle Explores Arkansas – Rene’-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was born to a wealthy French family. – Was a teacher – Moved to New France (Canada) – Studied Indian culture. – Explored and traded with the Indians. – Searched for the mouth of the Mississippi River.

• La Salle Explores Arkansas – 1682 – traveled down the Mississippi River. – Visited the Quawpaw near the mouth of the Arkansas River. – Welcome with a Calumet Ceremony. – Placed a large wooden crossed and claimed the territory for France. – La Louisiane in honor of King Louis XIV – Found the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the land for France.

• A New French Colony – After returning to New France, La Salle asked for permission to start a new colony. • He was granted permission and supplies but failed to return to the mouth of the Mississippi when they were ship wrecked off the coast of Texas. • 1685 settlement established • Fort St. Louis • La Salle was killed by his own men on third attempt to find the Mississippi River. • Henri de Tonti – established the “Arkansas Post” near the mouth of the Arkansas River

• Life at Arkansas Post – Tonti hoped to established a trading post in Arkansas. – Quawpaw not interested in trapping beaver. – John Law attempted to establish the first post. • • (see Bursting the Mississippi Bubble) Many investors died before reaching the settlement. Financial problems in Europe crippled the new post. Early residents included soldiers, farmers, slaves, and trappers.

• Life at Arkansas Post – 1749 Official Census • • • 31 White Settlers 14 Slaves 29 Pigs 60 Cows 29 Bulls and Steers 3 Horses

• Moving the Post – Reasons why the post moved several time during its first 100 years: • seasonal flooding • fear of attack by British and Indians • mosquito infested conditions and disease – 1803 - Louisiana Purchase: Arkansas becomes part of the United State. – Today: national memorial and state park.

• Colonial Arkansas – Mercantilism – created to increase wealth and power through tight economic controls. – Colonies brought wealth into European countries. – Explorers searched for resources to increase the wealth of the mother countries. – Conflict developed between the European countries for control of new lands. – The French struggled to keep control of Arkansas.

• Trade Goods – Trade was difficult to establish in Arkansas. – Early trade included: • • Bear oil Buffalo meat Buffalo tallow (fat) Trappers traded beads, iron hatchets, pots, knives, guns, cloth, and blankets for Indian furs. • Deer Skin was the most common fur. • Indians hired to hunt and trade for Europeans.

• Farming – Arkansas Post never became a strong farming community. – Flooding and droughts caused havoc for settlers and farmers. – Quawpaw kept many settlers from starving. – Later improvements made life better but the post continued to need outside supples.

• Searching for Arkansas Treasure – Legends of gold, silver, and a large emerald rock spread in Europe. – Bernard de la Harpe was sent to find the treasure. – Emerald turned out to be sand stone. • La grande roche or “big rock. ” • La petit roche or “little rock. ” – La Harpe established a trading post at the site of a Quawpaw village near la petit roche.

• French and Indian War – 1754 – Start of French and Indian War between England France. • Conflict over territory in North America • “Seven Years War” • Quawpaw helped the French against the British and other Indians. • Prisoners of War kept at the Arkansas Post. • France lost the war and control of its territories in North America. • Spain gains control of the territory

Arkansas Post was first settled by the French in 1686.

• French Names – Many of our towns, rivers, streams, and places were named by the French. – Examples: • • Terre Noir Bayou De Roche Petit Jean Bayou Meto

• The American Revolution – Started not long after French and Indian War. – July 4, 1776 – 13 colonies declare their independence. – The British fought to keep their territory. – Allies in Arkansas • Supported by Spain – used Arkansas Post • British supporters attacked the post after the war was over (they hadn’t heard the news yet. ) • Spanish commander was upset with Chief Angaska, a Quawpaw, because he failed to warn the Spanish.

• Chief Angaska had been tricked some Chickasaw Indians, who said Americans were coming to visit the fort. • Chief Angaska and others tracked the attackers and those captured from the post. • Most of the captured were released and returned to the post.

• End of Slide Show