Warring CityStates The Persian Wars n A new

Warring City-States

The Persian Wars n. A new kind of army – Phalanx – soldiers stood side by side, each holding a spear in one hand a shield in the other – a fearsome formation

The Persian Wars n n Battle of Marathon 490 BCE – Persian fleet of 25, 000 men landed NE of Athens on a plain called Marathon – Met by 10, 000 Athenians arranged in phalanxes – Persians no match for them – had light armor and lacked training Persia was defeated Greeks lost less than 200 men Persians lost over 6, 000!! http: //www. history. com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece/videos/the-battle-ofmarathon? m=528 e 394 da 93 ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false

Consequence of the Persian Wars n All Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom n Athens emerged as the leader of the newly formed Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states n Athens began to control the other citystates n Used military force, the prestige of their victory and their wealth to enter a Golden Age

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age n 477 to 431 BCE, Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning n Led by Pericles, an honest and fair man; skillful politician, inspiring speaker and respected general n Led the Age of Pericles from 461 to 429 BCE

Age of Pericles n Three goals: 1. To strengthen Athenian democracy§ Increased the number of officials who were paid salaries so now even the poorest could serve if elected § Introduced “direct democracy” where citizens ruled directly not through representatives – To hold and strengthen the empire

Age of Pericles n 2. To hold and strengthen the empire – Pericles used the money in the Delian League’s treasury to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean – A strong navy kept overseas trade open and increased safety of the empire – 3. To glorify Athens § Used money from the league to beautify Athens (gold, ivory, marble) § Later caused resentment

THE AGE OF PERICLES n https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_w. G 7 x. YG 7 HF 8

Glorious Art and Architecture n The Parthenon – A masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship – A traditional style for Greek temples – Built to honor Athena, the goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. Gitm. Yl 6 U 90

Glorious Art and Architecture – Contained examples of Greek art that set standards for future generations – Sculptures showed grace, strength and perfection and serenity; portrayed ideal beauty not realism Their values of harmony, order, balance and proportion became the standard of what is called classical art.

Peloponnesian War n Athens versus Sparta – Spartans were fearful of Athenian power – Athenians wanted to reassert their power on the mainland of Greece Plague broke out in Athens n After ten years of fighting the situation was no different than it was at the beginning of the war n – – – Truce Everyone was allowed to go home Territorial status remained the same – https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ar 8 S 6 vir. Cw. M

Peloponnesian War n Six years later… n Athens launched a massive assault against Sicily, an ally of Sparta n This campaign was so catastrophic for Athens that the city barely recovered militarily n After 27 years, Sparta defeated the Athenians n Athens had lost its empire, power and wealth

Philosophers Search for Truth Means a “Lover of wisdom” n After the wars, many lost confidence in democratic gov’ts and began to question their values n Based their philosophy on: n – The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws – People can understand these laws through logic and reason

Socrates n n n n n 470 -399 BCE Believed absolute standards existed for truth and justice Encouraged students to question themselves and their moral character “The unexamined life is not worth living. ” Socratic Method Devoted life to gaining self-knowledge “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance. ” 399 BCE – charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city’s gods Condemned to death – drank hemlock, a slow-acting poison

Plato 427 -347 BCE n Socrates was his teacher n Wrote The Republic n – Described his vision of a perfectly governed society § It was NOT democracy – all citizens would fall naturally into three groups n His writings would dominate philosophic thought in Europe for nearly 1, 500 years

Aristotle n n n 384 -322 BCE Studied under Plato at his Academy Lyceum n Developed rules of logic n Tutored Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedonia – School in Athens – Scientific Method

School of Athens