Greece at War Chapter 5 Section 2 pt

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Greece at War Chapter 5 Section 2 pt. 2

Greece at War Chapter 5 Section 2 pt. 2

Warm up • This is Dendra is the oldest suit of armor found on

Warm up • This is Dendra is the oldest suit of armor found on the Greek peninsula dating back to the Mycenaeans. What can we learn from this artifact? What do you think is significant about it? • Oldest form of metal body armor, one of the oldest instances of full (ish) body armor • Bands of metal suggest sophisticated metal-working technology • Made of Bronze, heavy armor suggest slow moving battle style • Decretive scales on helmet suggest ceremonial element of battle • Mycenaeans were citizen soldiers, not everyone could afford a set of armor like this, suggesting army made up of wealthy elite

First off: how did they battle? • Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states

First off: how did they battle? • Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields (aspis). • Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. • The formation discouraged the soldiers from acting alone, for this would compromise the formation and minimize its strengths.

 • The hoplites were primarily made up of free citizens—propertied farmers and artisans—

• The hoplites were primarily made up of free citizens—propertied farmers and artisans— who could afford the bronze armor suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population). • Though not all had this, some would hang to the back of the formation • Hoplites are citizen-Soldiers: what are some potential downsides? • Hoplites were not professional soldiers and often lacked sufficient military training. Although some states did maintain a small elite professional unit, hoplite soldiers were relied on heavily and made up the bulk of ancient Greek armies of the time. Most would be un-able to fight at certain times of the year due to harvest.

Challenge of Persia • As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they battled with

Challenge of Persia • As the Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean, they battled with the Persian Empire to the East. • Began in Ionia, Greeks had long been settled there but around 520 B. C. , the Persians conquered the area. • When Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships and soldiers to their aid. • The Persian King Darius defeated the rebels and then vowed to destroy Athens in revenge.

Battle at Marathon • 490 B. C. , Persian fleet of 25, 000 crossed

Battle at Marathon • 490 B. C. , Persian fleet of 25, 000 crossed the Aegean sea landed on a plain called Marathon. • 10, 000 Athenians were waiting. • Athenians greatly outnumbered but Persian soldiers were not well trained and wore light armor. • After the Battle at Marathon, which reportedly numbered 6, 400 Persians dead to only 192 Athenians, the tensions between the two grew stronger.

 • Sometime after, Darius the Great, leader of Persia died, and Xerxes (Darius’son)

• Sometime after, Darius the Great, leader of Persia died, and Xerxes (Darius’son) became the new Persian King. • Xerxes vowed and planned to invade Greece just like his father had envisioned.

Ready for War • Greek city-states formed a defensive league under the Spartans. •

Ready for War • Greek city-states formed a defensive league under the Spartans. • 480 B. C. , Xerxes led a massive invasion force into Greece. • Included 180, 000 troops and thousands of warships. • In spite of their differences, Athenians, Spartans, and other Greeks joined together to defeat Persian invaders.

Xerxes pontoon bridge

Xerxes pontoon bridge

 • When Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks

• When Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his way. • Xerxes figured an easy victory but underestimated their fighting ability. • The Greeks stalled the Persian advance for 3 days. Thermopylae • Unfortunately, a traitor told the Persians how to use a mountain path to surround the Greek force. • Sparta was aware of the mountain path and had other Greeks, Phocians, stationed there but when Persians went toward their city, they abandoned their post to protect their city.

 • Fearing defeat, the 300 Spartans, along with 700 other Greeks held the

• Fearing defeat, the 300 Spartans, along with 700 other Greeks held the Persians back while the other Greek forces retreated. • Specifically Athens, so they could prepare for the Persian invasion. • All 300 Spartans died and are remembered for their bravery.

Immortalized in pop culture

Immortalized in pop culture

Battle of Salamis • 480 B. C. , Meanwhile, Athenians debated how to best

Battle of Salamis • 480 B. C. , Meanwhile, Athenians debated how to best defend their city, which was at sea. • They positioned their fleet in a narrow channel near the island of Salamis. • Xerxes set fire to Athens and then sent warships to block both ends of the channel. • The channel was too narrow for the Persian ships and the smaller Greek ships armed with battering rams sunk about 1/3 of his fleet.

Persian Defeat • A few months later, in 479 B. C. , the Greeks

Persian Defeat • A few months later, in 479 B. C. , the Greeks defeated the Persian army at Plataea. • Greece fought two Persian wars. • Battle at Marathon • Thermopylae, Salamis & Plataea • Greece won both wars and ensured that the roots of western civilization would include Greek thought.

Persian Wars Timeline • Task: Create a timeline in your notebook of the major

Persian Wars Timeline • Task: Create a timeline in your notebook of the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. • Include in your timeline: • Name of the major battle • Date of the battle • Who fought in each battle? Be specific, i. e. Athens vs. Persia. • Which side won each battle? Again, be specific, i. e. Athens, Sparta, etc. On the bottom of your timeline answer the following question, “Which side ultimately won the Persian Wars. ”

Greece Divided • After the Persian Wars, Greece was divided into two power blocs.

Greece Divided • After the Persian Wars, Greece was divided into two power blocs. • Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. • Delian League led by Athens. • Both sides would attempt to conquer the other and dominate Greek affairs.

Peloponnesian War • War between the two was inevitable. • Athens had the strongest

Peloponnesian War • War between the two was inevitable. • Athens had the strongest naval power in Greece and Sparta had the advantage on land. • Sparta declares war on Athens. • Eventually the Spartans marched into Athenian territory. • They swept over the countryside burning Athenians’ local food supply.

 • Athens was safe from hunger as long as ships could sail into

• Athens was safe from hunger as long as ships could sail into port with food. • 2 events spelled disaster for Athens • Plague killed roughly 1/3 of Athens population. • Truce was signed between the two • Athenian assembly sent a fleet carrying 27, 000 soldiers to destroy Syracuse, one Sparta’s wealthiest allies, but suffered an unmistakable loss. • After nine years since both of these disasters, Athens and its allies surrendered.

Effects of Peloponnesian War • Peloponnesian War weakened the major Greek States (27 years

Effects of Peloponnesian War • Peloponnesian War weakened the major Greek States (27 years of fighting) and all would struggle to dominate Greek Affairs. • Still Greek States would continue to have their petty wars, ignoring the growing power of Macedonia, a Greek State to their North.