Vision Care Professionals Ophthalmologist Optometrist Orthoptist Optholmic Technologist
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Vision Care Professionals • • Ophthalmologist Optometrist Orthoptist Optholmic Technologist Opthalmic Technician Opthalmic Assistant Opthalmic Laboratory Technician Optician, dispensing
Ophthamologist • A medical doctor (MD) who is licensed to practice medicine and surgery. • May perform all duties of optometrist, but treats injuries and performs eye surgeries. • Education: 4 years undergraduate, 4 years graduate, 3 years minimum specialization in ophthamology.
Ophthamology Licensing • Individual state board of medical examiners • Additional board exams specific to ophthamology
Optometrist • Doctor of Optometry (O. D. )-had the title of doctor but is not a medical doctor. • Examines the eyes to diagnose vision problems and eye diseases. • Education: at least 3 years of preoptometric study, 4 -year doctor of optometry degree from an accredited optometry school.
Optometry Licensing • State board of optometry • American optometric Association
Anatomy of the Eye
Lens • Located just behind the iris. • Purpose: to focus light onto the retina.
• The opening in the center of the iris. • Size determines the amount of light that enters the eye. • Doctors often evaluate the reaction of pupils to light to determine neurological function.
Cornea • The transparent dome-shaped window covering the eye. (Gives us a clear window to look through. ) • Provides 2/3 of the eye’s focusing power.
Iris • The colored part of the eye. • Controls the light levels inside the eye. • Has tiny muscles that widen and narrow the pupil size.
Retina • A multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye. • Capture light rays, convert them to electrical impulses, traveling to the brain where they are turned into images.
REFRACTION ERRORS: an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigmatism
MYOPIA • “Nearsightedness” (spherical error)-optics are too powerful for the length of the eyeball.
• “Farsightedness “(spherical error) optics are too weak for the length of the eyeball.
Astigmatism • (Cylindrical error) Condition caused by an irregularly shaped cornea/results in blurred vision (optical power is too powerful or too weak across one meridian of the optics ).
Astigmatism
Presbyopia • loss of close reading vision due to a lessoned ability to focus and accommodateeyestrain/most develop in their 40’s. )
Amblyopia • Poor vision in one eye • Known as “Lazy Eye” • Usually results from inadequate use during early childhood.
Strabismus • One eye focuses properly, but the other eye strays. • “Cross-eyed” • Can be causes by genetics, inappropriate development of the “fusion center” in the brain to the muscles or nerves.
Glaucoma • Any disease caused by abnormally high pressure within the eye. • Treatment-eye medications or surgical procedures to relieve pressure. • If not treated, can lead to blindness.
Cataracts • Cloudiness of the lens of the eye (usually through aging process, but can be congenital or from disease or injury.
Conjuctivitis • “Pinkeye”-a highly contagious infectious inflammation of the conjuctiva. • Treatment-antibiotic eye drops or ointment.
Equipment • Ophthalmic Zoom Optical Head
Lensometer • An instrument to measure the power & cylindric axis of a spectacle lens. (Used to obtain an optical prescription. )
Optimal Prescription • A written order by an optometrist or ophthamologist to an optician for eyeglasses. • It specifies the refractive power to which the eyeglasses are to be made in order to correct blurred vision due to refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia.
Prescription Terms • D. V. – “distance vision” (the part of the prescription designed primarily to improve far vision. ) • N. V. – “near vision” (may represent a singlevision lens prescription to improve near work, or the reading portion of a bifocal lens. ) Some forms use “ADD” in place of “N. V. with a single box to indicate the additional refractive power to be added to the spherical of each eye.
• O. D. (ocular dexter) – Latin for “right eye”. • O. S. (oculus sinister) – “left eye”. • O. U. (oculi uterque) – “both eyes”.
Spherical Correction • Corrects refractive error of the eye with a single convergent or divergent refractive power in all meridians.
• Corrects astigmatism refractive error of the eye by adding or subtracting power cylindrically in a meridian specified by the prescribed axis.
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