THE COLONIES Part II The Proprietary Colonies Maryland

THE COLONIES Part II

The Proprietary Colonies Maryland § 10 million acres granted by King Charles I in 1632 to the Calvert family (Lords Baltimore) § Named for King Charles wife, Queen Mary § Catholic supporters of the King § First settlement at St. Mary’s at the mouth of Potomac in 1634

The Proprietary Colonies Differences from Virginia § Proprietary colony (owned by someone) Calverts intended to carve their land into feudal-type manors § Calverts appointed all civil officers § § Encouraged settlement by Catholics Only English colony with a substantial Catholic minority § Catholics came to dominate Maryland’s House of Delegates (1635) §

Proprietary Colonies Similarities to Virginia § Tobacco plantation economy created large demand for land labor § 1640 Maryland adopted a system of headright grants § By 1670 s, Maryland’s population numbered more than 15, 000 § Indentured Servants: People who, in exchange for passage to the colony, promised to work for a set number of years (2 -7) Usually unskilled laborers, but some skilled, some orphans, some single women. § 2/5 of servants usually died before period of indenture was over. §

Slavery � � African slaves first brought to Virginia in 1619 More expensive, at first, than indentured servants Not a lot of difference in treatment between the two at first. Slavery grew very slowly during the 17 th century.

The Proprietary Colonies Carolina § Established by Charles II in 1663 § Originally stretched from Virginia to Spanish Florida § Carolina proprieters (8 noblemen) § 1664 – Appointed a governor and created a popularly elected assembly § 1669 - “The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina “ Set up a manorial system § Originally governed by a small number of nobles. §

The Proprietary Colonies North Carolina � Settled mostly by poor families and run-away servants from Virginia � Small farms, rather than the manors the proprietors had hoped for. � Several of the proprietors gave up

The Proprietary Colonies South Carolina Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury � Convinced partners to finance migrations to Carolina � 1670 – 300 colonists headed to Carolina from England � 100 survived the voyage � Settlement near present Port Royal � 1680 founded the city of “Charles Town” at the junction of Ashley and Cooper Rivers

The Proprietary Colonies � � � North and South settlements developed separately and differently North was primarily backwoods farmers with little dependence on slaves South developed a prosperous plantation economy and an “aristocratic society” Prosperous trade in corn, lumber, cattle, pork, and rice (principle crop after 1690) South developed close trading ties to Barbados � Slave trade encouraged by proprietors

The Proprietary Colonies � � � Frequent friction between Northern and Southern settlements. Colonists seized control of colony after Earl of Shaftesbury’s death in 1719 1729 – King George II took control and divided the colonies into North Carolina and South Carolina

The Proprietary Colonies New York � Originally settled by the Dutch West India Company in the 1640’s – Dutch settlement along the Hudson River � 1664 – King Charles II gave his brother James (Duke of York) all the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers (which included the Dutch settlement at New Amsterdam) � England resented the Dutch settlement which was right in between it’s northern and southern colonies

The Proprietary Colonies New York � 1664 – English fleet sailed into the undefended port of New Amsterdam � Unpopular Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant surrendered without a fight � Articles of Capitulation promised that Dutch settlers could stay. � Dutch briefly reconquered in 1673, but lost it for good in 1674. � James renamed the colony “New York”

Proprietary Colonies New York � Very diverse colony � Dutch & English � Scandinavians, Germans, French, Africans, Native Americans � Many different religious faiths � James delegated powers to a governor and council, but no representative assembly � Religious toleration � Highly fractious society � By 1685, New York had about 30, 000 residents.

The Proprietary Colonies New Jersey � Originally part of the New York charter of 1664 � James ceded a large portion to political allies Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (all 3 had been Carolina proprietors) � Territory named “New Jersey” after the island of Jersey in the English Channel � In 1702, proprietors ceded control back to the English crown due to constant bickering. � Also had great religious and ethnic diversity � Most of it’s residents were small farmers � No good harbor, so no important cities.

The Quaker Colonies Pennsylvania � Established by dissenting English protestants � Quakers – Society of Friends � Originated in mid-17 th century England � So-named because founder George Fox urged them to “tremble at the name of the Lord. ” � Did not believe in predestination or original sin � Women were considered equal in the church � Most anarchistic and democratic: no church hierarchy � Ardent pacifists – refused to fight

The Quaker Colonies Pennsylvania � William Penn � Son of British Admiral � Converted to Quakerism � Wanted to find a place where Quakers could live in peace � � 1681 – Inherited a large debt FROM the King, who paid with a grant of land between New York and Maryland. Colony named “Pennsylvania, ” after Penn’s father.

The Quaker Colonies Pennsylvania � Penn personally sailed to Pennsylvania and laid out the streets of the “City of Brotherly Love” � Encouraged settlement by a diverse group of settlers � Made sure the Native Americans were fairly paid for their land.

The Quaker Colonies Delaware § By 1690 s some residents beginning to complain of the absolute power of Penn § Penn agreed to a “Charter of Liberties” § established a representative assembly in 1701 (one house) § Allowed 3 “lower counties” to establish their own assembly, which they did in 1703 § While they had separate assemblies, Delaware and Pennsylvania continued to share a governor until the Revolution.

Georgia � � � The last colony founded (1732) Founded by General James Oglethorpe and a group of unpaid trustees to provide a military border between the English colonies and Spanish Florida Provide a refuge where poor men and women could begin anew. Felt that debtors could become the farmer-soldiers of a new colony 1732 - King George II granted Oglethorpe the land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers

Georgia Colonization Policies: • Limited the size of landholdings to keep colony compact and easy to defend • Excluded Africans, free or enslaved • Prohibited Rum • Strictly controlled trade with the Native Americans • Excluded Catholics Displeased colonists began calling Oglethorpe “our perpetual dictator”

Georgia Oglethorpe gradually loosened his grip § 1750 – removed the ban on slavery § 1751 – removed the ban on rum § 1751 – Oglethorpe returned control of the colony to the King § 1751 – King allowed a representative assembly § 1770 – 20, 000 non-Indian residents of the colony, nearly half of them slaves.