The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968 Section 1

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins (pgs. 622 – 629). n Why is this man impt ? n Who is this woman ?

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins n Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court declares segregation constitutional ( legal). ü Laws that segregated African Americans. ü n Jim Crow Laws ü n African Americans had same rights , but used separate facilities that were “EQUAL “. Segregated areas in buses, trains, parks, pools, restaurants & other public facilities. ü Poorer quality than White facilities. De facto Segregation ü Segregation by custom or tradition, e. g. – neighborhoods, dances churches restaurants & other public facilities.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Court Challenges Since 1909, NAACP supported court decisions which were intended to overturn segregation. n Norris v Alabama African-Americans can’t be excluded from juries , violated equal protection under the law. ü n Morgan v Virginia ü n Segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional Sweatt v Painter ü State law schools must admit qualified African-American applicants, even if parallel black law schools exist.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins New Political Power q q Before WW I , most African Americans lived in the South Great Migration – African Americans moved to Northern cities, were allowed to vote. The Democratic party listened to their concerns/issues and so African Americans registered as Democrats.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Push for Desegregation q q During WW II , African Americans began to demand more rights, esp in the military. CORE- Congress of Racial Equality founded by James Farmer/George Houser. ü Began to use SIT-INS as form of protest. Attempted to desegregate restaurants that refused to serve African-Americans. Intended to shame restaurant managers into allowing African Americans to be served the same as White customers.

REVIEW n Explain the relationship between 2 court cases – Plessy v Ferguson & Brown v. Board of Education n Explain the Great Migration – what happened to the population in the South, in the North ? n Explain the difference between Jim Crow Laws and De Facto Segregation, give an example of each.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Brown v. Board of Education. q Linda Brown – African American young girl denied the right to attend her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas. ü Thurgood Marshall – NAACP attorney argued before Supreme Court. for end of segregation in public schools. ü Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation was unconstitutional & violated equal protection clause of 14 th amendment.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Southern Resistance ü Angered white Southerners who were determined to defend segregation in spite of Supreme Court ruling. ü Convinced many African- Americans that the time had come challenge segregation. ü Term “ all deliberate speed”, did not give specific time frame, vague enough to keep segregation going for many more years. ü Southern Manifesto – encouraged white Southerners to use all lawful means to reverse decision. Encouraged white Southerners to defy Supreme Court to

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Montgomery Bus Boycott ü Boycott by African Americans of the bus system throughout Montgomery Alabama. Response to Rosa Parks being arrested. ü Start of new era in civil rights movement – organized protests, defying laws that required segregation and demanded to be treated the same as whites. ü Led by 26 year old Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Ph. D. in theology. • Followed teachings of Indian leader Gandhi – NONVIOLENCE Read pg. 626 • • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. J 1 OO 5 i. BWCQ

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins African American Churches ü Played critical role in the civil rights movement. ü SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference. by African American ministers ( MLK) : goal to eliminate segregation from American society Ø Ø Ø Encourage African Americans to vote. Challenged segregation at voting booths, public transportation, housing and accommodations. Led

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Little Rock Arkansas ü Court order requiring 9 African-American students to be admitted to all white Central H. S. ü Gov. Orval Faubus, § Was seeking re election. Although a moderate on racial issues, he wanted to win the support of White voters. § Ordered troops form AK National Guard to prevent African American students from entering school to register. § Ordered to remove the troops, he left the school to the mobs of angry protesters who vandalized the school and scared students. ü ü Eisenhower sends federal troops in to protect students. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x. ERXusi. Eszs

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 1 : The Movement Begins Civil Rights Act of 1957 § § Protect voting rights of Americans African- SCLC began campaign to register 2 million new African American voters primarily in the South

Write a 3 paragraph essay summarizing the article on Patricia Stephens Due § Minimum 5 sentences per paragraph § Include 6 examples of Ms. Due’s participation in the Civil Rights movement § Include 2 examples of personal sacrifices Ms. Due endured § Will be graded according to PSSA Rubric v v v Style Content Focus Organization Conventions

Civil Rights Timeline – mark date, draw a sketch of event n n n n n Dwight Eisenhower elected President CORE founded Rosa Parks arrested Brown V Board of Educ. Southern Manifesto signed Montgomery Boycott began Supreme Court declares Alabama laws requiring segregation on buses unconstituional SCLC formed 9 African-American students given right to be admitted to high school in Little Rock AK. Civil Rights Act of 1957 – protect voting rights of African. Americans

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation The Sit –in Movement § Read pg. 630, answer DBQ pg. 631, (hand in ). § Greensboro, N. C. – Woolworth’s Dept. Store 1 st sit-in § Sit-in movement brought large numbers of idealistic, energized college students into the civil rights movement § SNCC – Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee q organized by students q played key role in desegregating public facilities in South q registered African Americans to vote in Deep South

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation The Sit –in Movement § § Fanny Lou Hammer – African American sharecropper beaten, sent to jail, evicted from her farm – all for registering to vote, urging others to register to vote. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xbbcjn 4 d 1 c. E http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=OT 9 g. ILd. Ta Wo

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation The Freedom-Riders § § § Bus travel in South was still segregated although courts had outlawed segregation. Freedom Riders – groups of white/African American college student volunteers took a bus trip to protest this practice. Eugene “Bull” Connor – Birmingham , AL public official, did not protect civil rights protesters from being beaten. . (Mother’s Day)

§ The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Kennedy’s Response § § Forbids federal government from discriminating against African-Americans in hiring & promotions. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) tightened laws against segregated bus terminals. James Meredith – pg. 634 § African-American Air Force veteran applied to Univ. of Mississippi (Ole Miss) Attended classes under eye of federal soldiers until graduation

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Violence in Birmingham § § § MLK decides that more demonstrations are needed to get Pres. Kennedy to become more active in supporting civil rights. MLK stages protests in Birmingham AL. “Bull” Connor was now running for mayor. § King gets arrested, - writes Letter from Birmingham while in jail. (pg. 635) § King released, protests started up again. Bull Connor responds with force, used dogs. High pressure hoses and clubs on protesters.

Pg. 639 – 1 -6 Homework

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Civil Rights Act of 1964 § § George Wallace – governor of Alabama, blocked entrance to Univ. of Alabama from 2 African American students entering. § Medgar Evers – African American activist from Mississippi murdered. § Kennedy addresses nation – pg. 636

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation March on Washington § 200, 000 people demonstrate for civil rights in Wash. D. C. in Aug. , 1963. Gathered at Lincoln Memorial to hear MLK give “ I Have a Dream” speech. § § http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=sm. Eqnn klf. Ys

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Bill Becomes Law § President and some members of Congress trying to get civil rights passed. § Some Congressional members tried to block passage of bill. Filibuster – fill in definition, pg 636 Cloture – fill in definition, pg. 636 § Kennedy is assassinated. § §

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Bill Becomes Law § Lyndon Johnson becomes president, is able to convince Congress to pass Civil Rights Bill of 1964 – broad powers given to federal government to prevent racial discrimination. : Equal access to all public facilities. Established EEOC Segregation illegal in most places of public accommodations. Gave U. S. attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school desegregation. Required private employers to end discrimination in workplace.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation 16 th Avenue Baptist Church bombings. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q. Mu. WDsv 5 pg

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Struggle for Voting Rights § Selma March - MLK selects Selma AL as focal point for voting rights of African –Americans(majority of city population, only 3% registered to vote) § Sheriff Jim Clark – used clubs , electric cattle prods and fear to terrorize blacks § 12/1964 – MLK is awarded Nobel Peace Prize for his work in civil rights movement.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Struggle for Voting Rights § BLOODY SUNDAY - March 7, 1965, Civil Rights protesters walking from Selma to Birmingham. As they crossed a bridge, they were met by 200 state troopers & deputized citizens. § As marchers were kneeling in prayer, they were savagely beat. 70 hospitalized, many more injured. http: //www. youtube. com/w atch? v=s 00 -Oo. ZAWno

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 2 : Challenging Segregation Struggle for Voting Rights § Voting Rights Act of 1965 – authorized U. S. Attorney General to get involved in voting practices at state level to make sure all African-Americans were able to register to vote. Pg. 641 Answer DBQ : #1(Primary Source 1) , and #4( Primary Source 4)

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Urban Problems - prejudice continues. § 1965 – q q q § 70 % of African-Americans lived in big cities 15% held “white collar jobs. Avg. income 55% of avg. White family Unemployment 2 x that of Whites Rise in juvenile delinquency, crime. African-Americans began to get angry and frustrated that the civil rights movement had not taken care of their everyday problems.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : Urban Problems Watts Riots Rights § § African-American neighborhood in Los Angeles. Lasted 6 days, 14, 000 National Guard, 1, 500 law enforcement officers. $45 million in property damage 34 people killed, many injured. § More rioting in other cities like Detroit. § Pg. 643 – cartoon

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Urban Problems - prejudice continues. § Kerner Commission q q q Committee that studied cause of urban riots and made recommendations to prevent reoccurrence of rioting. Blamed concept of racism for most of inner city problems. Made many recommendations which could not be put into place because spending for Vietnam War cut into funding.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Urban Problems - prejudice continues. § Chicago Movement q MLK called attention to deplorable housing condition of many inner city residents by moving into a slum apartment. q q MLK led a march in an all –White suburb, met by angry mobs. Mayor Richard Daley prevented violence by protecting marchers.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Black Power § § After 1965, many African-Americans tired of MLK’s nonviolent measures. Black Power - the idea that African. Americans should control the social, political & economic direction of their struggle. Stokely Carmichael – leader of SNCC, in favor of Black Power.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Black Power § § Idea popular in poor African American neighborhoods Showed pride in racial heritage through ethnic clothing, Afro hairstyles, African based names, African studies.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues MALCOLM X § Leader of Nation of Islam ( read pg. 645 – TOM aloud ! ) § Black Muslims believed African. Americans should separate themselves from White society and form their own self-governing communities. sufficient. . § Black Muslims viewed themselves as their own nation, very- self sufficient. Did NOT advocate violence, but advocated self-defense.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues MALCOLM X § 1964 – breaks away from Nation of Islam after visiting Mecca. § Continued to criticize National of Islam, because he now believed an integrated society was possible. 1965 -murdered by organization members. § § His ideas influenced a new generation of militant African American leaders.

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues Black Panthers § Believed a revolution was necessary in the U. S. § Urged African Americans to arm themselves and force Whites to grant them equal rights. § Eldridge Cleaver – served as minister of culture, wrote best selling book - Soul on Ice. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=uqhv 1 g 0 s. Ip. Y&feature=related

The Civil Rights Movement 1954 – 1968 Section 3 : New Civil Rights Issues King is Assassinated § Civil Rights movement fragmented. Calls for violence by Black Panthers eroded white support § § March , 1968 MLK went to Memphis , TN to support striking sanitation workers § April 3, 1968 - Gives famous speech “I’ve been to the mountaintop video § April 4, 1964 – killed by a sniper on his hotel balcony. His death marked end of era in American history. April

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