TAXONOMY the science of naming and classifying organisms

TAXONOMY- the science of naming and classifying organisms • Aristotle: grouped plants and animals based on similarities • Greeks & Romans-major groups called “genus” (means group) • Carl Linnaeus-(1707 -1778) - Sweden-gave organisms a 2 word name. . .

Binomial Nomenclature • Means “ 2 word naming system” • 2 words are – Genus (1 st word— 1 st letter always capitalized) – species (2 nd word—all lower case) • Both words should either be underlined or in italics (italics only if typed) • this is considered the Scientific name!

Universal Language = Latin • Provides a standard for communication among biologists, regardless of their native language • 2 different organisms cannot have the same scientific name • organisms can share one part of their scientific name w/another organism.

Hierarchical System • • Domain Kingdom Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup Phylum Class Order Family Genus {SCIENTIFIC NAME} species

5 or 6 Kingdoms? • 5 Kingdom System: Monera (Bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • 6 Kingdom System: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Species • Generally defined as a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring • All dogs are one species • Horses and donkeys are different species because when they breed, their offspring (mules) are sterile!

Phylogenetic Tree • Branched diagram that represents relationships of organisms • Clues to relationships found – Fossil record – Comparative anatomy and physiology – Correlation of DNA

http: //images. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: //www. med. nyu. edu/rcr/course/tree. gif&imgrefurl=http: //www. med. nyu. edu/rcr/course/intro-6. html&h=277&w=320&sz=3&tbnid=ic 9 o. H 7 Qgwma. Wl. M: &tbnh=102&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3 Fq%3 Dphylogenetic%2 Btree%26 um%3 D 1&start=2&sa=X&oi=images&ct=image&cd=2

DICHOTOMOUS KEYS • Key used to identify something, like organisms • Uses pairs of contrasting descriptions (A or B) • The correct description either leads to another pair of descriptions or identifies the object. • Always start at #1 each time you use one.

Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need your help to identify and classify them. Use the dichotomous key to identify these creatures. 1 2

Planet Pamishan

6 Kingdoms • • • Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia • These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used

Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • No nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • Most 1 -10 μm in size • Evolved 3. 5 billion years ago • Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms • Has nucleus • Many organelles • Many 2 -1, 000 μm in size • Evolved 1. 5 billion years ago • Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs • Autotrophs: 1. ) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food 2. ) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H 2 S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food. *All autotrophs make their own food! • Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes • Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

Bacteria Shapes Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped) Singular Coccus Bacillus Spirillum(spiral/curved walls) Plural cocci bacilli spirilla

methanic halophile sulfurous

Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae cyanobacteria 2. 6 billion years old 3. 2 billion years old Algal mats preserved in rock Modern day

Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

Kingdom Protista from microscopic to 150 feet large (the “catch-all kingdom”)