Chapter 18 Taxonomy the discipline where scientists classify

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Chapter 18: Taxonomy: the discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign universally accepted names

Chapter 18: Taxonomy: the discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign universally accepted names to each organism.

I. Aristotle- 384 -322 B. C. A. Devised “classical” system that lasted 2, 000

I. Aristotle- 384 -322 B. C. A. Devised “classical” system that lasted 2, 000 years. “Scala naturae”= “great chain of being” plants man A. Aristotle’s system had 2 Kingdoms. 1. Plant Kingdom (trees, shrubs, herbs) 2. Animal Kingdom (land, sea, air)

II. Carolus Linnaeus- botanist who lived in 18 th Century. Developed binomial nomenclature system

II. Carolus Linnaeus- botanist who lived in 18 th Century. Developed binomial nomenclature system of naming; 7 category system of classification. A. Problems with common names 1. Misnomers Ex. Jellyfish, silverfish, starfish, goldfish, crayfish 2. Variation in names among languages and regions (localities) Ex. Cougar, puma, mountain lion

Jellyfish Silverfish Only true fish… Starfish Crayfish Goldfish!

Jellyfish Silverfish Only true fish… Starfish Crayfish Goldfish!

B. Developed scientific names 1. Chose Latin: 18 th Century scientists understood Latin. 2.

B. Developed scientific names 1. Chose Latin: 18 th Century scientists understood Latin. 2. Binomial nomenclature: Two-word naming system. 1 st part: genus, 2 nd part: species A. Names based on 1. Physical characteristics Ex. Melanoleuca 2. Behavior Ex. Noctivagens 3. Honorary (for people- discoverer, someone of past significance ) 4. Location and Habitat Ex. Californica

C. Categories of classification 1. Kingdom Animal Phylum (Division) Chordate Class Mammal Order Primate

C. Categories of classification 1. Kingdom Animal Phylum (Division) Chordate Class Mammal Order Primate Family Hominid Genus Homo Species sapiens You must know the full classification for a human! Animal-Chordate-Mammal-Primate-Hominid-Homo-sapiens

2. Genus species name is written in italics or underlined. Genus is capitalized, species

2. Genus species name is written in italics or underlined. Genus is capitalized, species is not. Ex: Homo sapiens or Trifolium agarium

III. Modern Taxonomy A. Classification is based on similarities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

III. Modern Taxonomy A. Classification is based on similarities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Structures (morphology) Biochemical and genetics Evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) Embryology Reproductive potential a. species= organisms that are “reproductively isolated and produce fertile offspring. ” *not man-made

IV. Six Kingdom System A. Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic (true nucleus), stationary autotrophs B. Animals:

IV. Six Kingdom System A. Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic (true nucleus), stationary autotrophs B. Animals: multicellular, mobile, eukaryotic heterotrophs C. Fungi: stationary heterotrophs, eukaryotes D. Protists: unicellular eukaryotes Monera: unicellular prokaryotes E. Archaebacteria– used to be called Monera F. Eubacteria– used to be called Monera

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