Taxonomy Taxonomy the science of classifying organisms into

Taxonomy

• Taxonomy- the science of classifying organisms into groups • Think of the classifications as a hypothesis. As new discoveries are made and new technologies are developed, sometimes the classifications change

Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation for our modern classification system in the mid-1700 s including the use of binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. • A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. White oak: Quercus alba

Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. – uses Latin words – scientific names always written in italics – two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Why Latin? • Latin is a dead language (it isn’t spoken natively anymore), so it isn’t changing • Most scholars at the time new Latin • Latin is a very descriptive language

• A genus includes one or more physically similar species – Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. – Genus name is always capitalized. • A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. – always lowercase – always follows genus name; never written alone

Scientific names help scientists to communicate – Some species have very similar common names. – Some species have many common names.

Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. • Each level is included in the level above it. • Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

The Linnaean classification system has limitations. • Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. – The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. – Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

Vocabulary Which term means one-celled? Many-celled? • multicellular • unicellular Which term means that the organism produces its own food? Consumes food? • autotroph • heterotroph

Vocabulary • Prokaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane but do NOT have a nuclear membrane • Eukaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane and a nuclear membrane

Vocabulary • Autotrophic – makes its own food • Heterotrophic – gets nutrients from the food it consumes

List of the Three Domains and the Six Kingdoms 1. Domain Bacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria 2. Domain Archaea • Kingdom Archaebacteria 3. Domain Eukarya • • Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

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Overview of the Three Domains and Six Kingdoms

Kingdom Eubacteria • Most abundant organisms on the Earth • Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

Kingdom Eubacteria • Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rodshaped.

Kingdom Eubacteria • Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

Kingdom Eubacteria • Bacteria also play an important role in decomposition, nitrogen fixation and human digestion (E. coli) Soybean root containing billions of bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria • Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients?

Kingdom Eubacteria • Bacteria from a Nitrifying Trickle Filter (NTF) stained with acridene orange. The stain makes DNA appear yellow and RNA appear orange.

Kingdom Archaebacteria • Bacteria that live in extreme habitats (extremophiles), such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers (hydrothermal vents) • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Kingdom Archaebacteria Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

Kingdom Archaebacteria • Bacillus infernus Some live in temperatures as high as 230° F

Kingdom Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria can live deep in the ocean near hydrothermal vents • There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

Kingdom Protista • Extremely diverse group • Eukaryotic • Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular • Autotrophic and heterotrophic • Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry out photosynthesis with chloroplasts

Kingdom Protista Euglena - autotrophic Volvox – a colonial protist A slime mold Amoeba - heterotrophic

Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotic • Most are multicellular • Heterotrophic, decomposers- feed on dead or decaying organic matter, digest food externally and then absorb the nutrients • Cell walls made of chitin

Kingdom Fungi Stilton cheese Bread mold

Kingdom Plantae • • • Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present True tissues

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia • • • Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls, no chloroplasts True tissues

Kingdom Animalia Flatworm Sponge Jellyfish Octopus Coral snake Bear

Some Animal Phylums Porifera- sponges Cnidaria- hydra, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- planarians, flukes, tapeworms Nematoda (roundworms) Annelida (segmented worms)- earthworm Mollusca- bivalves (clams, oysters), gastropods (snails, slugs), cephalopods (squid, octopus) • Echinodermata- starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers • Arthropoda- crustacea, spiders, insects • Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • • •

Organ Systems • • Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Digestive Circulatory Lymphatic • • Excretory Nervous Endocrine Reproductive

Symmetry • Symmetrical ~ animal can be cut into 2 equal halves. • Asymmetrical ~body patterns cannot be divided into equal halves. • Human Brain • AMOEBA

Anatomical Terms • • • Cephalic- concerning the head Caudal- concerning the tail Anterior- toward the front; forward Posterior- toward the rear; farther back Dorsal- on or near the upper surface; back Ventral- on or near the lower surface; front Lateral- on or toward the side Medial- on or toward the middle Midline (median)- divides into right and left Transverse- crosses perpendicular to midline p 446

At least 95% of the more than 1, 367, 000 species of animals are invertebrates.