classification Classification taxonomy science of grouping and naming

classification

Classification • taxonomy –science of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics

Classification Purpose for classifying organisms • brings order to the diversity of life • allows identification of new organisms • basis for scientifically naming organisms • universal standard for communication

Classification common names can often be misleading • jellyfish, starfish, cuttlefish, silverfish

Classification common names can often be misleading • mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther

Classification common names can often be misleading • ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm fungus insect larva aquatic worm

Classification History of classification • Aristotle (350 B. C. ) –placed all known organisms into two groups –animals & plants

Classification History of classification • Carolus Linnaeus (1750) –father of taxonomy –classified organisms by physical & structural similarities –places organisms into Species –places species into Genera –introduced binomial nomenclature • written in Latin (Genus, species)

Classification Correctly naming organisms scientifically • First name: Genus (First letter CAPITALIZED) • second name: Species (all lower case) • underline (if hand written) or italicized (computer) • ex: Eastern grey squirrel –Sciurus carolinensis

Classification classification provides a framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species

Classification Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities • many shared physical structures provide evidence of close relationship and common ancestry • ex: Lynx & Bobcat

Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities • ex: dandelion & sunflower Classification

Classification Evolutionary Relationships geographical distribution • location of a species help determine relationship with other species • ex: finches on the Galapogos

Classification Evolutionary Relationships chromosomal comparison • chromosome number and shape • ex: cauliflower, cabbage, kale, broccoli • chromosomes are almost identical

Classification Evolutionary Relationships biochemistry • looks at DNA and similar proteins • ex: horseshoe crab –originally classified with Crustacea

Classification Evolutionary Relationships • ex: horseshoe crab –originally classified with Crustacea –better classified as Arachnida

Evolutionary Relationships Breeding behavior • mating calls or mating periods • ex: frogs, birds Classification

Evolutionary Relationships • developing the evolutionary history of an organism is phylogeny Classification

Evolutionary Relationships • phylogeny of all life Classification

Classification Evolutionary Relationships • cladogram model –shows evolutionary relationships between organisms

Classification Evolutionary Relationships • cladogram model D E C B A

Taxonomic Hierarchy • Domain – broadest classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species – most specific –sometimes -subspecies (animals), • varieties (plants) • strains (bacteria) • D K P C O F G S Classification

Taxonomic Hierarchy classification of human? • Domain – Eukarya • Kingdom – Anamilia • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Mammalia • Order – Primate • Family – Homididae • Genus – Homo • Species – Sapien –Binomial name? –Homo sapien Classification

History of Classification 1700’s • Aristotle’s system • Plantae & Animalia Classification

Classification History of Classification Late 1800’s • with the use of the microscope, new kingdom was found • Plantae, Animalia & Protista

Classification History of Classification 1950’s • New tool - electron microscope, new kingdom was found without a nucleus • Plantae, Animalia, Protista & Monera (bacteria)

Classification History of Classification 1960’s • Biochemical studies showed difference in cell wall composition (split up one of our Kingdoms) • Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera & Fungi chitin

Classification History of Classification 1990’s • Structural and biochemical studies found difference in cell wall of some Monerans • Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Fungi peptidoglycan

Classification Current System 3 Domain system • developed from looking at ribosomal RNA • Bacteria – Eubacteria • Archea – Archaebacteria • Eukarya – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

Current System 3 Domain system Classification

Tools for classification field guide • gives physical description of species • may show range (locations it lives in) • gives picture of species Classification

Classification Tools for classification dichotomous key • uses sets of paired (usually opposite) traits to help classify a species Geospiza Platyspiza Certhidea Camarhynchus