South Asia 1 MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH

South Asia 1

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA • WELL DEFINED PHYSIOGRAPHICALLY • THE WORLD’S SECOND LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER • SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS • LOW INCOME ECONOMIES • POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE • STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM 2

THE REALM • • • Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous North Southern Islands 3

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY • THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY – STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW • POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA) – ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi – PHYSIOLOGIC- 1, 615/sq mi (US=415/sq mi) • KEY MEASURES – RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE – DOUBLING TIME 4

POPULATION PROFILES INDIA MALE JAPAN AGE FEMALE 70+ 60 -69 50 -59 40 -49 30 -39 20 -29 10 -19 0 -9 30 15 Percent of Population 30 20 10 20 Percent of Population 5

POPULATION DENSITY World Average = 117/mi 2 36 Pacific Southeast Asia 315 East Asia 341 865 South Asia Subsaharan Africa 82 52 53 N. Africa/S. W. Asia South America 176 Middle America 7. 6 Austral 874 Japan 42 North America Russia 22 265 Europe 0 Realm 200 400 600 People per square mile 800 1000 6

POPULATION DENSITY 7

POPULATION GROWTH 8

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL 10

POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON United States - Bangladesh UNITED STATES 77 people/ sq mile BANGLADESH 133, 000 50, 300 2, 644 people/ 11 sq mile

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MONSOONS • To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. • Seasonal reversal of winds • General onshore movement in summer • General offshore flow in winter • Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime 13

Monsoons 14

MONSOON RAINS ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION. HOWEVER… 15

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS • Widespread flooding • Property damage • Destruction to agricultural lands • Damage to transportation infrastructure • Homelessness • Disease • Malnutrition • Serious injury • Death 16

India - Historical • • Ancient India (2700 BC-1000 AD) Medieval India (1000 -1756) Freedom struggle (1757 -1947) Modern India (1947 -Present day) 17

Harappa/Mohenjodaro 18

India - Historical • Harappa was an Indus Valley urban center. • There also the well-known accounts in the Rig Veda of northern or Aryan people driving an indigenous Dravidian people into south India. • It is unclear whether the ancient Harappans would have been Aryans or Dravidians. • All these sites flourished between 3000 and 2000 B. C. , if not earlier. 19

CULTURE • A culturally fragmented realm • Religious and linguistic diversity • Religious Patterns – Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh. – Hinduism is predominant in India. – Sikhism thrives in northern India. – Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka. 20

CULTURE HEARTH: The Indus River • Where an early culture emerged and developed – Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. – Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo. Europeans (Aryans). (6 th century BC) – Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3 rd century BC – Islam sweeps through central India from the 8 th -10 th centuries AD 21

LANGUAGES Hindi 320 m Bihari 70 m Marathi 67 m Rajasthani 44 m Gujarati 39 m Oriya 31 m Assamese 23 m Sindhi 17 m Sinhalese 13 m Telugu 71 m Tamil 67 m Kannada 43 m Malayalam 22 35 m

RELIGION 23

HINDUISM • The world’s oldest religion • Culture hearth of the Indus River • Diffused south and east down the Ganges • Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs 24

HINDUISM • Not just a religion • An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements • No common creed • No single doctrine • No direct divine revelation • No rigid narrow moral code 25

REINCARNATION • Every living thing has a soul. • When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. • Souls are reborn in a newly created life. 26

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS • ISLAM – – – – – Monotheistic No idols One sacred book Uniform dogma - 5 pillars Intolerant (of other religions) Eat beef/Sacrifice cows Bury Dead Social Equality (in theory) Theocratic society • HINDUISM – – – – – Polytheistic Many idols Various sacred writings Varying beliefs Absorbed other religions Venerate cows Burn dead (& alive) Caste separation “State” of secondary importance 27

ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM • Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B. C. ) • Emperor Asoka (3 rd Century B. C. ) 28

BUDDHISM • Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism • Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge • Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals 29

EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY • • • Right understanding Right purpose Right speech Right conduct Right means of earning a living • Right effort • Right awareness • Right meditation 30

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT • Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha • Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism • Final blow - 8 th century - arrival of Islam -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries -- Burned libraries -- Killed monks • Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India 31

WHERE ARE THE MUSLIMS Millions 168. 3 ? Indonesia 180 160 140 120 India 128. 8 125 Pakistan 104 Bangladesh 100 80 Turkey 62 61. 7 57. 1 Iran 60 Egypt 40 18. 2 Saudi Arabia 20 0 # of Muslims 32

PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION) India West Pakistan East Pakistan 33

PARTITION CHALLENGES: • STABILITY • REFUGEES 34

1931 MUSLIMS IN INDIA 1991 1951 35

KASHMIR • INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION – JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN – KASHMIR – HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION • 1947 – PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADE • MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO INDIA • INDIAN and PAKISTANI TROOPS MOVE IN • JANUARY 1949 – U. N. CEASE FIRE 36

Kashmir and Violence • 1998 - Both India and Pakistan test nuclear weapons. – These tests prompt international condemnation and consequently the U. S. imposed sanctions on both countries. • May 1999 - For the first time in thirty years India launched air strikes against Pakistanibacked militants who had infiltrated into the mountains of India-controlled Kashmir. – India claimed these militants were engaging in terrorist operations in India-controlled Kashmir with the aid and support of the Pakistani government. Pakistan claimed, and still claims until this day that these militants are merely “freedom fighters” for the liberation of Indiancontrolled Jammu and Kashmir. • October 1999 - General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in Pakistan, forcing out the elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. – Musharraf suspended the constitution and dismissed the Parliament, ending the hopes of a return to civilian rule for the world’s newest nuclear power. The coup was condemned by all the western powers and by the international community, which called for democratically administered elections. The coup led to further sanctions against Pakistan by the U. S. • May 2000 - General Musharraf agreed to honor a Pakistani Supreme Court ruling that would return Pakistan to democratic rule within three years. 37

Recent Developments • September 2001 - Just eleven days after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers, President George W. Bush ended all sanctions against Pakistan and India. – President Bush said the sanctions were not in US interests. Pakistan agreed to cooperate with the U. S. and root out terrorist cells throughout the region • October 2001 - Thirty-eight people were killed in an attack by Pakistani terrorists on the state assembly building in Srinagar, the capital of Indianadministered Kashmir. – The Jaish-e Mohammad (Army of Mohammad) militant group carried out the attack, in which a Pakistani national drove up to the main entrance and detonated a bomb • December 2001 - Fourteen people were murdered in an unprecedented suicide attack on the Indian parliament in Delhi when five armed intruders stormed the building. – The attackers were assumed to be Pakistani-based separatists groups Lashkar-ITalyibah and Jaish-I-Mohammed. After the attack, a huge build-up of troops occurred on both the Indian and Pakistani side of the border. On December 25, both the Indians and Pakistani’s moved nuclear missiles closer to their borders 38

Pakistan • Officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan • Originally West Pakistan + East Pakistan – East Pakistan later broke away as Bangladesh • Original capital was Karachi – Later moved to Islamabad • Another example of a forward capital 39

Pakistan Ethnic Groups • Notice the geography dominated by Pushtuns? – Relevance to Afghanistan? – Relevance to Taleban? 40

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (PAKISTAN) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • A POOR COUNTRY THAT SUPPORTS A LARGE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT • ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION BEGAN IN 1990 TO BOOST FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRIVATE INVESTMENT. 41

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE • HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY • A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES 42 AND NUCLEAR POWER

GREEN REVOLUTION • THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD, FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960 s – FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES – INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA: • MIRACLE CROPS • NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS • INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS 43

TARGETED AREAS 44

INDIA’S GREAT CITIES • MUMBAI (BOMBAY)– Home to the world’s largest slum—Dharavi • KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)– 500, 000 HOMELESS – FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772 – ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION • DELHI (NEW AND OLD) – BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT 45

Bangladesh • One of the poorest countries • High population density • Prone to natural hazards – Cyclones – Flooding 46

BANGLADESH • • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971 FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN 85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU 133 MILLION PEOPLE PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY = 3, 622/sq mi 1. 9% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE PER CAPITA GNP = 350 US DOLLARS NATURAL HAZARDS - CYCLONES 47

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (BANGLADESH) • LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) • ONE OF THE WORLD’S POOREST AND LEAST DEVELOPED STATES • ECONOMY IS OVERWHELMINGLY AGRICULTURAL • CULTIVATION OF RICE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY. 48

SRI LANKA • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948 • 19. 7 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS) • PLANTATION AGRICULTURE: – TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS • SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION) • ARYAN • BUDDHISTS • SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN) • NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION) • DRAVIDIAN • HINDU • TAMIL LANGUAGE 49

SRI LANKA • Sinhalese vs Tamils • Tamils - demanded equal rights in: -- education -- employment -- landownership -- linguistic & political representation • Insurgent State • LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 50

Nepal • Himalayan Region: – Altitude ranges between 4877 meters and 8848 meters – Includes 8 of the existing 14 summits in the world which exceed an altitude of 8000 meters. • Mt. Everest (8848), (2) Kangchenjunga - 8586 m, (3) Lhotse - 8516 m, Makalu - 8463 m, (5) Cho. Oyo- 8201 m, (6) Dhaulagiri - 8167 m, (7) Manaslu - 8163 m, and Annapurna- 8091 m. • Mountain Region: – This region accounts for about 64 percent to total land area. – Formed by the Mahabharat range that soars upto 4877 meters. • Terai Region: – The low-land Terai region which has a width of about 26 to 32 kilometers and a maximum altitude of 305 meters, which occupies about 17% of total land area of the country. • Kechanakawal the lowest point of the country with an altitude of 70 meters lies in Jhapa District of the eastern Terai. 51

Nepal • A poor country • Capital is Kathmandu • Main language is Nepali – Related to Hindi 52

And the rest … • Bhutan – “Shangri La” because it is relatively untouched by “modernity” – Monarchy • The Maldives – Archipalego in the Indian Ocean – The realm’s highest per capita GNP • Tourism 53