Results from the recent carbon test beam at
![Results from the recent carbon test beam at HIMAC Koichi Murakami Statoru Kameoka KEK Results from the recent carbon test beam at HIMAC Koichi Murakami Statoru Kameoka KEK](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-1.jpg)
Results from the recent carbon test beam at HIMAC Koichi Murakami Statoru Kameoka KEK CRC Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) supported by 1
![Introduction n A joint project among Geant 4 developers, astrophysicists and medical physicists in Introduction n A joint project among Geant 4 developers, astrophysicists and medical physicists in](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-2.jpg)
Introduction n A joint project among Geant 4 developers, astrophysicists and medical physicists in Japan ü Development of software framework for simulation in radiotherapy ≫funded by the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) program organized by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) from 2003 to 2008 n The project goal ü provides a set of software components for simulation in radiotherapy (especially hadrontherapy), ≫well designed general purpose software framework ≫DICOM/DICOM-RT interface ≫application of GRID computing technology ≫visualization tools ü In addition, physics validation is one of key issues. Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 2
![Physics Validation in Radiotherapy n Geant 4 has to reproduce precise dose distributions in Physics Validation in Radiotherapy n Geant 4 has to reproduce precise dose distributions in](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-3.jpg)
Physics Validation in Radiotherapy n Geant 4 has to reproduce precise dose distributions in human body. ü which requires correct simulation for the interactions between various types of beams (X-ray, proton, heavy ions) and materials along beam line ü reliable descriptions of ≫electromagnetic processes ≫hadronic/nuclear processes ≫nuclear decay processes in the relevant energy regions and particle types. ü These are non-trivial issues! n Physics validation is one of the most critical aspects in the project. Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 3
![Hadrontherapy Facilities in Japan Jpn (world) # Proton beam facilities: 5 (23) # Ion beam Hadrontherapy Facilities in Japan Jpn (world) # Proton beam facilities: 5 (23) # Ion beam](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-4.jpg)
Hadrontherapy Facilities in Japan Jpn (world) # Proton beam facilities: 5 (23) # Ion beam facilities: 2 (4) The Energy Research Center Wakasa Bay (Tsuruga: 200 Me. V) Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center (Nishi-Harima: 320 Me. V/u) U. of Tsukuba PMRC (Tsukuba: 250 Me. V) NCC East Hospital (Kashiwa: 235 Me. V) NIRS (Chiba: 90 Me. V, 400 Me. V/u) Shizuoka Cancer Center (Mishima: 230 Me. V) Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) Proton beam Ion beam 4
![HIMAC at NIRS n. Operation since 1994 n. Treatment beam: 12 C n. Over HIMAC at NIRS n. Operation since 1994 n. Treatment beam: 12 C n. Over](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-5.jpg)
HIMAC at NIRS n. Operation since 1994 n. Treatment beam: 12 C n. Over 2, 000 patients have been treated Ion Source Experiment Areas RFQ Linac 800 Ke. V/u Alvarez Linac 6 Me. V/u Synchrotron 800 Me. V/u Treatment Rooms ~65 m Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 5
![Hadron (proton/carbon) Beam Ref. http: //www. nirs. go. jp/tiryo/himac 2. htm n A sharp Hadron (proton/carbon) Beam Ref. http: //www. nirs. go. jp/tiryo/himac 2. htm n A sharp](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-6.jpg)
Hadron (proton/carbon) Beam Ref. http: //www. nirs. go. jp/tiryo/himac 2. htm n A sharp peak of energy deposition at the end of the range (Bragg peak) n The sharp fall-off of the Bragg peak for carbon beam Relative Dose (%) 100 X-ray g-ray neutron 50 ü A small range straggling n Carbon produces a longer tail after the Bragg peak. proton carbon 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 Depth - Human Body (cm) 15. 0 Hadron beams allow conformation of dose distribution better than photons and electrons; Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 6
![Conformation of Irradiation Field Collimator Wobbler magnets X Y Scatterer Ridge Filter Range Shifter Conformation of Irradiation Field Collimator Wobbler magnets X Y Scatterer Ridge Filter Range Shifter](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-7.jpg)
Conformation of Irradiation Field Collimator Wobbler magnets X Y Scatterer Ridge Filter Range Shifter Patient body Target volume (tumor) Beam Compensator (Bolus) By = Ay sin(wt) Bx = Ax sin(wt+p/2) dose Spiral beam divergence to create a uniform irradiation field Koichi Murakami Ridge Filter Bragg peak Depth Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) Spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) 7
![Experimental Setup Beam Energy 290, 400 Me. V/u Vacuum window Wobber magnets X Y Experimental Setup Beam Energy 290, 400 Me. V/u Vacuum window Wobber magnets X Y](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-8.jpg)
Experimental Setup Beam Energy 290, 400 Me. V/u Vacuum window Wobber magnets X Y Secondary emission monitor Dose Monitor (ionization Chamber) Scatterer (lead) Range shifter (unused) Collimator Beam 12 C Multi-leaf Collimator (open) Collimator Acrylic vessel Water target Ridge filter Beam profile Treatment position Monitor (aluminum) (ionization (isocenter) Chamber) Test beam line of HIMAC(NIRS) Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 8
![Water target / Scored region • Dose distribution in a water target was measured Water target / Scored region • Dose distribution in a water target was measured](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-9.jpg)
Water target / Scored region • Dose distribution in a water target was measured using the horizontal arrayed dosimeters • voxel size of each element is 2 x 1 mm. • scanning along the depth direction Water target 2 mm Scored region 1 mm 2 mm Koichi Murakami Beam (12 C) 400 mm Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 9
![Physics List n Generic Ions ü elastic scattering ü Binary light ion cascade or Physics List n Generic Ions ü elastic scattering ü Binary light ion cascade or](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-10.jpg)
Physics List n Generic Ions ü elastic scattering ü Binary light ion cascade or JQMD ≫cross section : Tripathi / Shen ü radioactive decay ü ionization / multiple scattering n Hadron ü elastic scattering ü L(H)EP+Binary cascade ü ionization / multiple scattering n electron/gamma ü standard EM Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 10
![Bragg Peak Simulation (Binary Cascade) 290 Me. V/u • Overall profile of Bragg peak Bragg Peak Simulation (Binary Cascade) 290 Me. V/u • Overall profile of Bragg peak](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-11.jpg)
Bragg Peak Simulation (Binary Cascade) 290 Me. V/u • Overall profile of Bragg peak seems to be well reproduced, but… • We found a small bump just before the peak… What is this!? 40 o. Me. V/u Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 11
![Bragg Peak – more in detail BC JQMD • Secondaries of 11 C produce Bragg Peak – more in detail BC JQMD • Secondaries of 11 C produce](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-12.jpg)
Bragg Peak – more in detail BC JQMD • Secondaries of 11 C produce the bump of BC. • JQMD shows no bump. • Production rates of 11 C (one neutron stripped off) and 11 B (one proton stripped off) are different between Binary Cascade and JQMD. • Production rate of 11 C in BC is over created. Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 12
![Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (290 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP (Spread-Out Bragg Peak) Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (290 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP (Spread-Out Bragg Peak)](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-13.jpg)
Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (290 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP (Spread-Out Bragg Peak) w/ Ridge Filter tends to underestimate the tail effect coming from beam fragments offset=-0. 8 mm Koichi Murakami offset=-1 mm Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 13
![Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (400 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP w/ Ridge Filter Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (400 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP w/ Ridge Filter](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-14.jpg)
Comparison between Experiment and Simulation (400 Me. V/u) Bragg Peak SOBP w/ Ridge Filter tends to underestimate the tail effect coming from beam fragments offset=-1. 2 mm slight inconsistency in offset values? Koichi Murakami offset=-2. 8 mm Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 14
![Tail Effect – more in detail Binary Cascade 290 Me. V/u 40 o. Me. Tail Effect – more in detail Binary Cascade 290 Me. V/u 40 o. Me.](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-15.jpg)
Tail Effect – more in detail Binary Cascade 290 Me. V/u 40 o. Me. V/u Bragg Peak SOBP Tail effect is underestimated by 10 -20%. Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 15
![Summary n A joint project among Geant 4 developers and medical physicists in Japan Summary n A joint project among Geant 4 developers and medical physicists in Japan](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-16.jpg)
Summary n A joint project among Geant 4 developers and medical physicists in Japan is on-going. ü Physics validation in medical application (particle therapy) is a critical issue. n A new test beam line in HIMAC was constructed, and experimental data was obtained. It is a good chance to validate Geant 4 ion physics. ü Geometry of the test beam line was implemented in Geant 4, and comparisons with simulation were carried out. ü We tried the Binary Cascade model and the JQMD model for describing ion interactions. ü Overall profile of the Bragg peaks are well reproduced by Geant 4 simulation. ü … but, we found a problem with the Binary Cascade model in our problem domain. We hope that it will be improved. ü The tail effect coming from ion fragments is not fully reproduced. Geant 4 tends to underestimate the effect. There are some space to be improved. Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 16
![Acknowledgements n n n n n T. Sasaki, K. Amako, G. Iwai (KEK) T. Acknowledgements n n n n n T. Sasaki, K. Amako, G. Iwai (KEK) T.](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/32922340c1f6a426cf7939e5128ae02d/image-17.jpg)
Acknowledgements n n n n n T. Sasaki, K. Amako, G. Iwai (KEK) T. Aso (TNCMT) A. Kimura (Ashikaga Univ. ) T. Koi (SLAC) M. Komori, T. Kanai, N. Kanematsu, Y. Kobayashi, S. Yonai (NIRS), Y. Kusano, T. Nakajima, O. Takahashi (AEC) M. Tashiro (Gunma Univ. ) Y. Ihara, H. Koikegami (IHI) supported by Koichi Murakami Geant 4 Physics Verification and Validation (17 -19/Jul. /2006) 17
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