Renaissance Art in Northern Europe Should not be

Renaissance Art in Northern Europe , , , , Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art. But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. The differences between the two cultures: Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art , , , , The continuation of late medieval attention to details. Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. Details of domestic interiors. Great skill in portraiture.

Begins in Flanders Moves from there to France, Germany, and Spain

Dutch Realism

Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) , More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. , The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434

The Marriage of Symbol of faithfulness In the mirror at the back of the room The mirror is painted we. Giovanni see the whole scene reflected from Almost every detail can Symbolic candle behind, and there, so it seems, we also with almost miraculous and see. Arnolfini the image of the painter be interpreted asanda is The solitary flame skill. Its carved frame witness. We do not know whether it symbol. The companion burning in bright Giovanna was the Italian or the inset withmerchant ten miniature northern artist who conceived the idea dog is seen as a symbol daylight can be medallions Cenami; of making this usedepicting of 1434 the new kind of of faithfulness and love. interpreted ascompared the bridal painting, which maythe be scenes from life ofto the legal use of or a photograph, properly The fruits on the allwindow candle, God's Christ. Yet more endorsed by a witness. But whoever it ledge probably stand seeing eye, simply as was that originated idea, he had for remarkable isthisor the mirror's certainly been quick toour understand the fertility and fall from a devotional candle. reflection, which includes tremendous possibilities lay in Paradise. Even the Another symbol is self. St Van Eyck's new way of painting. For van Eyck's own tiny the first time in history the artist discarded shoes are not Margaret (the patron portrait, accompanied by became the perfect eye-witness in the thought to who be incidental, saint of women in another man may truest sense of the term. but to signify the image childbirth), have been the whose official is carved onmarriage the high. sanctity witness to of the ceremony. chairback. http: //www. ibiblio. org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/arnolfini. jpg

Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details)

Albrecht Dürer (1471 -1528) , , , , The greatest of German artists. A scholar as well as an artist. His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I. Also a scientist Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits. Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

He was an engraver! It almost looks like photography http: //www. washacadsci. org/flowers/grasses-the%20 lar ge%20 turf. albrecht%20 durer. large. jpg

Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalyps e woodcut, 1498

http: //www. washacadsci. org/flowers/grasses-the%20 lar ge%20 turf. albrecht%20 durer. large. jpg He did this just from an oral description. He never saw a real Rhinoceros!

Everybody’s favorite tattoo? http: //www. elca. org/questions/Results. asp? recid=26

Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497 -1543) , , One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England. While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus Writing, 1523 , , Henry VIII was his patron from 1536. Great portraitist noted for: Objectivity & detachment. Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.

Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590 s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Cecil The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (15251569) , , , One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels. In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562

New Ideas Humanist New Philosophical Ideas New Political Ideas New Ideas in Education

, , , Renaissance humanists Idealized the classical world of the ancient Greeks and Romans Focused on man and his intellectual powers Focused on the classical ideal of seeking fulfillment and meaning in daily life Focused on individual worth and potential Focused on many secular (non-religious) aspects of life

Erasmus and Christian Humanism • The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus. • He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ, ” meant to show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve salvation. • He stressed inward piety, not external observance of rules and rituals. http: //www. artchive. com/artchive/h/holbein/erasmus. jpg

Erasmus and Christian Humanism • To reform the Church, Erasmus wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, educate people about Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Church. • In his 1509 work The Praise of Folly, he especially criticized the monks. • Erasmus did not want to break away from the Church, as later reformers would. • Yet people of his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched. ” What does this mean?

Thomas More of England • Thomas More wrote a famous book called Utopia which was about an “ideal” society What is it With these British kings And beheading! Author of Utopia… how ironic! • Thomas More famously opposed the king and was beheaded.

The Impact of Printing The Renaissance saw the development of printing in Europe. Johannes Gutenberg of Germany played a crucial role in the process. Gutenberg’s Bible, printed about 1455, was the first European book produced from movable type.

The Impact of Printing Or the Impact of Computers Most papers and magazines are now digitalized. How has the computer changed communication today and an examination of current invasions of privacy?

Objectives 1. List three characteristics of the Renaissance 2. Explain the three estates of Renaissance society. 3. Explain Renaissance education. 4. Describe artistic contributions of the Renaissance. 5. Describe Christian humanism 6. Describe Luther’s role in the Reformation 7. Describe religious changes in Switzerland, in England, and within the Catholic Church.