REVIVAL OF MONARCHY IN NORTHERN EUROPE CH 2

REVIVAL OF MONARCHY IN NORTHERN EUROPE (CH. 2) After the 100 years War and the Great Schism, in the Church, the power of the nobility and the clergy were in decline and less able to block growing national monarchies with centralized power Important towns now began to ally with the king Loyal, businesswise townspeople increasingly staffed royal offices and became the kings’ lawyers, bookkeepers, military tacticians and foreign diplomats This new alliance between king and town broke the bonds of feudal society and made possible the rise of sovereign states Taxes, wars, and laws became national, rather than merely regional matters

FERDINAND ISABELLA OF SPAIN Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille marry in 1469 When the two kingdoms were united, Spain became a formidable European power Subdue the realm, secure the borders, venture abroad militarily, and Christianize all of Spain

THE VALOIS DYNASTY OF FRANCE Hugh Capet, first king of France, 996 Next 14 kings were Capetian Valois Dynasty 1328 -1589 Ø Charles VII Ø Louis IX

LOUIS XI OF FRANCE Father, Charles VII, had defeated England in 100 Years War Louis XI defeated Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy in battle, thus subduing Burgundy and dividing its lands with the Hapsburg’s of the Holy Roman Empire

CHARLES IV- HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR Hapsburg Family Charles IV worked with important German territorial rulers to “create the machinery of law and order within the divided empire” Golden Bull of 1356

CHARLES V- HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR ALSO Ruler of Spanish Empire, 1516 -> (grandson of Ferdinand Isabella) “I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse. ”

HENRY VII OF ENGLAND= FOUNDER OF TUDOR DYNSATY War of the Roses- Rivals: House of Lancaster v. House of York Defeated Duke Richard III at the Battle of Boswick Field, effectively ending the W O R Married Elizabeth of York, which unified the warring houses, and gave their children a strong claim to the throne

IVAN THE GREAT OF RUSSIA (MUSCOVY) Grand Prince of Moscow, laid the foundations of the autocratic Russian state Successfully united the nobility against Mongol occupation by 1487 Moscow came to be known as the “Third Rome”, and heir to Byzantium

IVAN THE TERRIBLE 1533 -1584 Reign started well but ended badly Sensible law & governance to violent tyranny St. Basil’s Cathedral created a personal guard known as the Oprichniki, who enjoyed social and economic privileges. They owed their allegiance and status to Ivan, not to heredity or local bonds. “Time of Troubles” ROMANOV DYNASTY to emerge and rule until 1917