Ranking Influence on Romanian Universities Ilie ROTARIU Lucian

Ranking Influence on Romanian Universities Ilie ROTARIU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

The unintended perverted effects of the ranking of universities within the political environments within countries in transition Case study: Romania Ilie ROTARIU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

Part one General considerations

The human race actual challenge 8. 91 6. 79 5. 27 3. 02 2. 07 1. 26 1850 1930 1960 1990 2010 2050

The human race actual challenge 8. 91 6. 79 5. 27 3. 02 2. 07 1. 26 1850 1930 1960 1990 2010 2050

The human race actual challenge 8. 91 6. 79 5. 27 3. 02 2. 07 1. 26 1850 1930 1960 1990 2010 2050

The human race actual challenge 8. 91 6. 79 5. 27 3. 02 Knowledge society 2. 07 1. 26 1850 1930 1960 1990 2010 2050

Knowledge society the educational system “its engine” Academic system

Knowledge society Stakeholders the educational system “its engine” Academic system Students Academic staff Public -parents -civil society -politicians Funders - public -private Mass media

Knowledge society Stakeholders the educational system “its engine” Academic system Students Academic staff Public -parents -civil society -politicians Funders - public -private Ranking makers Mass media Audience

Knowledge society the educational system “its engine” Academic system Stakeholders Students Academic staff Public -parents -civil society -politicians Funders - public -private Mass media Ranking makers Audience Politicians Public funds -government - public funded institutions

Stakeholders Students Academic staff Academic system Public -parents -civil society -politicians Funders - public -private Mass media Ranking makers Audience Politicians Public funds -government - public funded institutions Public reaction: Who is the best? Which is the first? Why Who is the guilty one? ours are not in the top?

• The loss of faith, by the population, within the national academic system means the departure of candidates towards foreign universities, not necessarily top ranked, exceptions being overseen through the mass media effect as a general rule; • The usage, by external competition, of such campaigns in order to recruit candidates;

• The loss of faith, by the population, within the national academic system means the departure of candidates towards foreign universities, not necessarily top ranked, exceptions being overseen through the mass media effect as a general rule; • The usage, by external competition, of such campaigns in order to recruit candidates; • Adopting measures, by those in power, in their own interest or the interest of their clients; • Losing funding and contracts by the national academic environment;

• The loss of faith, by the population, within the national academic system means the departure of candidates towards foreign universities, not necessarily top ranked, exceptions being overseen through the mass media effect as a general rule; • The usage, by external competition, of such campaigns in order to recruit candidates; • Adopting measures, by those in power, in their own interest or the interest of their clients; • Losing funding and contracts by the national academic environment; • The perpetuation of reforms, whereas a reform becomes a continuous, repeated one, the new power cancelling also the good measures undertaken by the former power; • The application, within the national academic environment, of methods and techniques used within global hierarchies, without the profundity and adaptation to the national specifics, many times with a political interest.

Part two Case study: Romania

After 1990 Romania has lost: - its industry - its agriculture - 1. 5 – 2 mil. of its labor force We state that Romania is still a country in transition towards a society and an economy of a West European type. After 1990 the academic system exploded, trying to recover the lacks and remaining behind and to achieve global parameters. - the number of universities nearly tripled, and - the number of students jumped from 170 thousands to over 700 thousands that means that rationed to 10000 inhabitants increased 4 times. -the number of teachers increased from 56 to 126 thousand -the number of researchers decreased from 40 to 20 thousand.

Until 2000 the public perception the Romanian education system is better that the western ones. the academic net is good and of high quality Starting 2007 the results of global ranking have started to be used intensively by media intensive campaigns looking for rising the audience rate

Until 2000 the public perception the Romanian education system is better that the western ones. the academic net is good and of high quality Starting 2007 the results of global ranking have started to be used intensively by media intensive campaigns looking for rising the audience rate Main subjects Neither of the Romanian universities found themselves in top 500 at least The universities are only “diplomas factories” The graduates cannot find a job in their studied field The Romanian pupils and students are among the last in global rankings Etc.

Media campaigns: the ominous subject: newspapers, tabloids, radio, television, internet, blogs, social media For a few days!

Media campaigns: the ominous subject: newspapers, tabloids, radio, television, internet, blogs, social media For a few days! Reactions: Academia received the campaign with moderation The political environments were forced to and took advantage by this situation to reach the spotlight The power accused the opposition… The opposition accused the power…

Potrivit lui Andrei Marga criteriile Ministerului Educaţiei în clasificarea universităţilor nu sunt cele europene Rectorii …o susţin pe minisitrul Educaţiei, Ecaterina Andronescu, în demersul legat de intrarea în legalitate a Universităţii "Spiru Haret Daniel Funeriu: Sa nu ne mai furam singuri căciula. Invățământul superior este intr-o camașă de forță

Potrivit lui Andrei Marga criteriile Ministerului Educaţiei în clasificarea universităţilor nu sunt cele europene Rectorii …o susţin pe minisitrul Educaţiei, Ecaterina Andronescu, în demersul legat de intrarea în legalitate a Universităţii "Spiru Haret Daniel Funeriu: Sa nu ne mai furam singuri căciula. Invățământul superior este intr-o camașă de forță Traian Băsescu: Universitățile românești s-au transformat in fabrici de scos diplome Sistemul romanesc de educație este intr-o continua depreciere din 1990 încoace… tara noastră nu are nici o universitate in clasamentul primelor 500 … Romania nu are nici o universitate nici in primele 100 din Europa. "Ungaria are doua, Polonia trei"

Effects: Negative feelings into the public, opinions and appropriate reactions Pressure on universities Lost the confidence into the national universities Consequences upon the new Education Low etc…

Consequences onto the new Education Law The Romanian evaluation system took over from international practice the indicator concerning the publication within ISI magazines or indexed databases, used by all global ranking systems Effects: For economics and business administration by ex. , they will take into account only published articles indexed in at least 3 databases listed as followed: ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, EBSCO, Econ. Lit, REPEC, DOAJ, Cabells, JSTOR, Science Direct, Springer. Link, Por. Quest. An inventory of Romanian magazines within this field indicates that there are only 3 of them which fulfil the criterium of „at Consequences: least 3 of. . . ” The promotions are blocked for a couple of years…!

Consequences onto the new Education Law The Romanian evaluation system took over from international practice the indicator concerning the publication within ISI magazines or indexed databases, used by all global ranking systems Consequences: The promotions are blocked for a couple of years…! economic conferences fees * until 2003 - 50 lei, the text and the presentation was in Romanian, printed proceedings, un-indexed in databases; * since 2005 - 150 lei or 50 Euros, it has become a custom to use the English language, and taxes reached; * since 2007 -2008 - 150 Euros, and the usage of CDs and index of proceedings has started. * After new Education Law 450 -550 EURO with proceedings indexed into 3 of the listed databases or ISI

Consequences onto the new Education Law The classification of universities: meaning a pre-ordered ranking of the universities and study programs into three categories: • Universities centred on education, which can only organize licence studies; • Universities of education and scientific research, or universities of education and artistic creation; which can organize masters programs; • Universities of advanced research and education, which can organize doctorate programs. The programs’ ranking will be performed into 5 categories: A, B, C, D, E The differences are essential concerning the access to funding from the national budget

The law uses the term „classification” for universities and „ranking” for study programs. By grouping them into three categories, through the methodology used we are actually in the face of an effective ranking, where results are to be published under three classes by including the units according to the points gained

At the beginning of May, a request was sent to the more than 80 universities in Romania, to upload data

60 fields settled by low, grouped into five major groups.

The evaluation purpose 1. classifying university 2. ranking the study programs criteria: 1. teaching and learning, 2. scientific research, 3. the relationship between university and the external environment, 4. institutional capacity.

Questionnaires used the rules of international ranking http: //chestionar. uefiscdi. ro/

Questionnaires used the rules of international ranking http: //chestionar. uefiscdi. ro/

Questionnaires used the rules of international ranking http: //chestionar. uefiscdi. ro/

Questionnaires used the rules of international ranking http: //chestionar. uefiscdi. ro/

Problems: How to compare apple with pears!. . .

Issues; solutions; results The military higher education and the arts academies were ranked apart 12 universities were ranked as universities of advanced research and education, which can organize doctorate programs; 15 universities plus 5 military and 7 art universities were ranked as universities of education and scientific research, or universities of education and artistic creation; which can organize masters programs; 48 universities were ranked as universities centred on education, which can only organize licence studies; all private universities are in this category.

Consequences onto the new Education Law Offered by our President Professor dr. Jan Sadlak

Consequences: The direct and effective effect refers to funding: as per master programs: - the second class has received only 70% of the budgeted places comparing to the normal quota, - the universities centred on education only 2380 places only on certain education’s domains. - The 12 best universities have received the cut places. A similar situation for doctor studies!

The effects The official classification Even if the Minister has several times public stated on mass media that it was not a ranking, not a listing of the place that an university has in the list mass media, politicians, public, student candidates and even academic staff keep saying ”our (or this) university is the. . th in the country”

September 3 rd. was published the classification of programs for that of 58 domains where every university organized teaching programs. There will be no impact now on the academic market as the enrolments finished. Mass media had a new “warm” subject for a couple of days.

Scenario: • Universities centred on education, which can only organize licence studies; • Universities of education and scientific research, or universities of education and artistic creation; which can organize masters programs; • Universities of advanced research and education Funding: Program Level 70% A plus 20% B plus 10% 80% C quota D minus 10% 100% E minus 20%

The hiding problem: (The perverse effects) Hiding the main problem: Under financing! Lack of resources! The Romanian educational system, based, like other systems, on budget financing, did not surpass 3. 5% of GDP during the last 20 years. As a result of IMF accords, Romania must reduce its budget deficit from 7% to roughly 3. 5 %, this means the halving of all budget resources In the middle of August, the Romanian government has decided that „the application of the rules of the new law of education which refers to ensuring a financing of the educational system of a minimum 6% of GDP and of at least 1% of GDP for research which was postponed by two years, until 2014”. Until this decision, the accent has fallen on the reformation of the academic system. After that, silence. For now! Except the reform of public funding system for academia!

Thank you! http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. LBY 4 q. Uq. Oxg