MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PRESENTED AT

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PRESENTED AT CHINA PHARMACEUTICAL UNIVERSITY

Nigeria’s Still Africa’s Largest Economy in 2016 with over 182 million people. v The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria is a federal constitutional republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It comprises 36 states and the Federal capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country v Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, Nigeria is often referred to as the "Giant of Africa", owing to its large population and economy With 182 million inhabitants. v Nigeria is the one of most populous country in Africa and the seventh most population in the world. v The country is viewed as a multinational, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba and 522 languate v The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part.

v. As of 2015, Nigeria is the world's 20 th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. Also, the debt-to -GDP ratio is only 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. v In the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, as its unique method of contact tracing became an effective method later used by other countries, such as the United THE MAP OF NIGERIA IS LOCATED IN THE DARK GREEN

The rock Firefinch, Jos Plateau indigobird and the Ibadan Malimbe, three small birds found nowhere else on earth

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OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL SYSTEM IN NIGERIA v The federal government's – coordination of the affairs of the university teaching hospitals, Federal Medical Centers (tertiary healthcare) v The state government- manages the various general hospitals (secondary healthcare) v The local government focus on dispensaries (primary healthcare), which are regulated by the federal government. • To provide health care to all citizens at all levels. v The Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), are the organs that helps to regulate the quality of the doctors and hospitals for the welfare of the public and they are affiliated by the followings; v OVERVIEW OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria is forecast to represent a combined business opportunity of over $3 billion by 2018, propelled by a convergence of changing economic profiles, increased healthcare spending and investment, and increasing incidence of chronic diseases. Market segmentation is done based on products (OTC, generic, and branded) as well as therapeutic areas (anti-infective, cardiovascular, diabetes, oncology, respiratory, and CNS).

THE FACTORS AFFECTING PHARMACIES IN NIGERIA AND THE CAUSES OF SHOPS CLOSURES IN SOME CASES v The thought that being a good Pharmacist is enough to be a good business owner. v Bad location. v No or poor business plan. v Poor staff motivation. v Bad financial practice. v Poor customer service. v v v v v TOP 10 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY IN NIGERIA SWISS PHARMA NIGERIA LIMITED FIDSON HEALTHCARE EMZOR PHARMACEUTICAL GLAXSMITHKLINE NIGERIA MAY & BAKER NIGERIA PLC MOPSON PHARMACEUTICAL LIMITED CHEMMIRON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED OLEX PHARMACEUTICALS ZOLON HEALTHCARE NEW HEIGHT PHARMACEUTICALS

THE SITUATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIY OF MEDICALs AND PHARMACEUTICALs IN NIGGERIA ARE AS FOLLOWS; Brain Surgery Cosmetic surgery Open heart surgery Major Ailments SUMMARY OF NIGERIA HEALTH SYSTEM (PER 1, 000 PERSONS) PHYSICIANS 0. 4 NURSING AND MIDWILFERY PERSONNEL 1. 605 PHARMACEUTICAL PERSONNEL 0. 105 PHARMACISTS 0. 095 LABORATORY HEALTH WORKERS 0. 168 Eye Treatment Cancer Renal Transplant • India, Europe, USA and Persian Gulf are the top medical treatment destinations for Nigerians • 47% of the Nigerians Treated abroad (India) spend $ 260 M.

PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN NIGERIA v HEALTH INSURANSCE SCHEME; free health care provided and financed for all citizens provided by government v Mental health ; The majority of mental health services is provided by 8 regional psychiatric centers and psychiatric departments and medical schools of 12 major universities. v Water supply and sanitation; Water and Sanitation coverage rates in Nigeria are very low. v Maternal and child healthcare; The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100, 000 births for Nigeria was 840 v Life expectancy; The 2014 central intelligent agency [CIA] estimated average life expectancy in Nigeria was 52 -62 years v Emigration of healthcare workers; Many Nigerian doctors have emigrated to North America and Europe. In 2005, 2, 392 Nigeria doctors were practicing in the US alone, in UK number was 1, 529. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as an urgent goal. HIV/AIDS v As of 2012 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15– 49 was 3. 1 percent while government is fighting so had through free anti – retroviral drugs to control the affected ones.

PHARMACEUTICAL UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA Pharmacy as a course is offered in many Nigerian Universities leading to the award of Pharm. B. It’s in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences or Clinical sciences depending on school’s categorization. Any students who successfully completed his or her studies in Pharmacy will eventually become a Pharmacist with a qualification level of undergraduate. v Qualification Level: Undergraduate Degree Course Duration: The course duration is 5 years for UTME Students and 4 years for Direct Entry Students starting from level 200 (year two). Basic Admission Requirements v UTME Requirements Candidates who wish to gain admission into Pharmacy programme at any University in Nigeria must have at least Five (5) SSCE (WAEC/NECO) credit passes in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Some schools accepts a combination of O’Level Results to admission consideration. v JAMB-UTME Subject Combination The JAMB UTME Subject combination for Pharmacy are Use of English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. v Special Admission Considerations for JAMB UTME Candidates; Direct Entry Requirements Candidates who wish to gain admission into Pharmacy programs at any University in Nigeria at direct entry level must have; Three ‘A’ level passes in Chemistry, Biology/Zoology and Physic or Mathematics plus UTME requirements.

UNIVERSITIES THAT OFFER PHARMACY IN NIGERIA AND THEIR RANKING BY NUC OUT OF 138 UNIVERSITY At the time of updating this information, 19 universities offer Pharmacy course at full time in Nigeria. Here are the schools below; Their ranking 2016 by national NUC v v v • v v v v v • • Ahmadu Bello University Delta State University Igbinedion University Kaduna State University Madonna University Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka University of Benin University of Ibadan University of Lagos University of Maiduguri University of Nigeria, Nsukka University of Port Harcourt University of Uyo Usmanu Danfodiyo University Obafemi Awolowo University Olabisi Onabanjo University of Ilorin University of Jos Niger Delta University 10 38 74 62 54 18 9 2 1 27 6 13 36 78 3 57 5 19 72

modules for B in Pharmacy for five years (5) and their (UTME) FIVE YEAR STANDARD PROGRAMME AND THEIR CURRICL Acurricula. ADMISSION BY UNIFIED TERTIARY MATRICULATION EXAMINATION FIRST YEAR , first semester • General Mathematics I (Algebra and Trigonometry • General Mathematics II (Calculus) 3 • General Physics for Life Sciences I 2 • Practical Physics 2 • Basic Principles of Chemistry I 2 • Basic Practical Chemistry 2 • General Biology I 3 • The Use of English I 2 • Social Sciences I 2 • Total 21 • • • • SECOND YEAR, first semester Introduction to Unit Operations Practical Unit Operations Basic Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical Basic Pharmaceutical Microbiology Pharmaceutical Chemistry Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry I Pharmacognosy IA Human Physiology I Basic Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Practical Basic Pharmaceutical Biochemstry Humanities I Total 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 19 Second semester 3 • General Physics for Life Sciences III • Basic Principles of Chemistry II • General Biology II • Practical General Biology • Use of English II • Social Sciences II • TOTAL • • • • SECOND SEMESTER Introduction to Pharmacology Pharmaceutics I (Dispensing) Practical Pharmaceutics I Practical Pharmacognosy IA Pharmacognosy IB Practical Human Physiology II Applied Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Introduction to Pharmacy Practice Anatomy and Histology Practical Anatomy and Histology Humanities II TOTAL 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 21 2 2 3 3 2 2 17

THIRD YEAR, FIRST SEMESMESTER Pharmaceutical Technology II • Practical Pharmaceutical Technology II • Pharmaceutical Chemistry II • Pharmacognosy II • Practical Pharmacognosy II • Pharmacology I • Practical Pharmacology I • Pharmacy Administration (Economics) • Statistics for Biological Sciences I • Introduction to Computer Science • Total 3 1 3 3 1 2 2 2 21 • • • SECOND SEMESTER PRACT PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II 1 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IIB 3 PHYTOEVALUATION 2 PRACTICAL PHYTOEVALUATION 1 PHARMACOLOGY II 2 PRACTICAL PHARMACOLOGY II 1 PHARMACY ADMINISTRATION (MANAGEMENT) 3 BIOPHARMACEUTICS 3 Statistics for Biological Sciences (II) 2 Applications of Computer to Pharmacy 2 Total 20 FOURTH YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER • PHARMACEUTICS III (PHYSICAL) 4 SECOND SEMESTER • PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICS III 2 PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY III • PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY III 2 PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL TECH. III • PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2 COSMETIC SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY • PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 1 ADVANCED PRACTICAL DISPENSING PRACTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY III • PHYTOMEDICINAL ANALYSIS 2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY IIIB • PRACTICAL PHYTOMEDICINAL ANALYSIS 1 PHARMACOLOGY IV • PHARMACOLOGY III 2 FORENSIC PHARMACY • PRACTICAL PHARMACOLOGY IIIA 1 INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY 1 • PATHOLOGY FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS 3 PHARMACOKINETICS • Introduction to Entrepreneurships 2 Business Development and Management Total • Total 20 3 1 1 2 2 2 18

• FIFT YEAR FIRST SEMESTER • PHARMACEUTICS IV • MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY IV • PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS II • PHARMACOGNOSY V • PHARMACOLOGY IV • PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS • Total SECOND SEMESTER • INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY AND PROCESS VALIDATION • CLINICAL CLERKSHIP • LITERATURE EVALUATION AND DRUG INFORMATION • PROJECT • Total 3 3 1 2 4 4 17 4 5 2 5 16 POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMS. The postgraduate program and durations of masters degrees in Nigeria university is 18 -21 months and taking University of Nigeria Nsukka as a case study. UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA OFFER TWO DIFFERENTS OF MASTERS IN PHARMACY • Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm. ) Pharmacy graduates of the University of Nigeria or other recognized universities, who have obtained an approved Bachelor’s Degree in Pharmacy with at least second class honours (upper) or its equivalent. Holders of B. Pharm certificates shall receive M. Pharm. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology disciplines for 18 -21 months depending on the student and if the students are much hard working will obtain his or her master within 18 months. 2 semester (1 year) learning related course and others is thesis and you are expected to round up within 6 months before defense.

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

Master of Science (M. Sc. ) Graduates of University of Nigeria or other recognized Universities who have obtained an approved Bachelor’s degree in related disciplines such Medicine, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Biochemistry and Microbiology, with at least a second class honours or its equivalent Model of the programs; full time and part time study available depending on the student’s choices. Master’s Minimum Admission Requirements Five-year bachelor‘s degree equivalent: Honours Bachelor’s degree* Minimum requirement overall: 60 -69% or 2 nd Class (upper division) Students who present a Post-Higher National Diploma (Post-HND) may be eligible for admission to a master’s program. Ph. Ds. Doctors of pharmacy Nigeria The requirements for awarding Ph. Ds in Nigerian Universities varies widely and not all universities award Ph. D in Pharmacy in Nigeria but most federal universities do and the courses also vary. The durations normally goes from four (4) to six (6) years depending on the seriousness of the students to meet up with their professor and defending of thesis. Research: Doctoral Minimum Admission Requirements Master’s / graduate degree equivalent: Master’s Minimum requirement overall (B+): 69% or 2 nd Class (upper division).

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN CHINA AND NIGERIA v Taking the education of Chinese curricula at bachelors level when compared to Nigeria, we observe that Nigeria is better in multiple and interested courses than Chinese university using china pharmaceutical university as a case study. v China pharmaceutical education is better than Nigeria pharmaceutical education in terms of experiments because they have laboratory equipment better than Nigeria pharmaceutical universities. v Chinese duration of studies at bachelor of Pharmacy is 4 years while B. pharmacy in Nigeria is 5 years. v masters in pharmacy in Chinese universities are 3 years while in Nigeria University is 18 -21 months depending on the student v Ph. D in china is 3 years in pharmacy why Nigeria is 4 to 6 years depending on the university. v Ph. D and masters degree in china is full time while Nigeria may be full time and part time depending on the student’ choice v Nigeria B. Pharmacy student is undergoing 1 year of internship in the hospital for clinical pharmacy practice after 5 years of study before going for a 1 year National Youth Service Corps while chinese university only go for 1 term which may be 4 months.

The Pharmacy graduates employment and market demands; Pharmacy is one of the most lucrative course to study in Nigeria and other countries. Pharmacist are also one of the highest paid workers in the labour market. The profession also command huge prestige and respect in the society. They are guaranteed of work in the Following; v Hospital and Pharmaceutical companies, v Research firms and wholesales and retails pharmacy practice v Teaching, Government service and nongovernment service NGOs etc v They can even open their own pharmacy and make huge money daily by treating patients. So, it’s a very good course to study. Their market demand is always easy to maintain as follows; v Be a graduate of a pharmacy from recognize university v Be a registered pharmacy and be approved by pharmaceutical council of Nigeria v Can own a shop and sell drugs approved and recognize by National agency for food and drug administration control (NAFDAC) v Must be a specialize pharmacy experience

MY SUGGESTION TO THE COOPERATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES EDUCATION BETWEEN CHINA AND NIGERIA ARE AS; v China should collaborate with pharmaceutical society of Nigeria like Howard University USA to move pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical industries forward for interest of the two countries.

v Nigeria and China have been in a good relationship in terms of development and building of economy through mutual understanding over 45 years of success, I suggest that china and Nigeria should sign MOU in pharmaceutical industries and Educations between the two countries so as to help Nigeria to have a standard shape in pharmaceutical Education. v I suggest that China pharmaceutical University should also consider exchanging some pharmaceutical programs with University of Nigeria Nsukka just like what United States of America do in some of our unviersities in order to improve pharmaceutical Education in Nigeria. v I suggest that China should build more pharmaceutical industries to help Nigeria achieve their MDGs goals in Health sectors. v China should also invest more in Pharmaceutical industries in Nigeria because Nigeria really like Chinese business cooperation and their pharmaceutical products in order to improve the reputable pharmaceutical industries and education. THANKS.