SinoTibetan By Samuel Elder Marlon Paz Kaitlyn Pacheco

Sino-Tibetan By: Samuel Elder, Marlon Paz, Kaitlyn Pacheco, Gracie Steg

The Huizhou Language Huizhou is from the Sino-Tibetan family and from the sinitic branch 4. 6 million native speakers & official language of Huizhou, china 徽州話- HUIZHOU they don’t use syllables, but symbols Ji–She, Xiu–Yi, Qi–De, Yanzhou, and Jing–Zhan are similar to Huizhou Jixi dialect: 988, 000; Xiuyi dialect: 861, 000; Qide dialect 798, 000, Yanzhou dialect 638, 000, Jingzhan dialect 134, 000 Many Hui dialects have diphthongs with a higher lengthened first part. For example, 話 ("speech") is /uːɜ/ in Xiuning County (Standard Chinese /xuɑ/)

Min Dong 平話 1) The Min Dong is from the sinitic branch. Minyue was an ancient kingdom in what is now Fujian Province in southern China. It lasted from 334 BC– 111 BC before being conquered by Emperor Wu of Han allowing the opening of chinese settlements to be established in their home country. 2) Most recent surveys conclude that today over 9. 5 million people speak Min Dong. 3) The Min Dong Language uses logograms to read and write. Ex: 中華民國 年月日制定條 4) Wu, Huizhou, and Mandarin 5) Eastern Min, Coastal Min. The reason they are different is cultural isolation. For example, the Northwest and Southwest are in the same nation, but have very distinct language differences.

Tai Language From the language family, Sino-Tibetan. In the Tai-Kadai branch. Approximately 16 million people speak it Similar languages would be Thai, Siamese, Lao Tian, Shan, and Lanna They use symbols rather than syllables. There is Southwestern Tai, Northern Tai, and Central Tai.

Mandarin (普通� ) Language family: Sino-Tibetan Branch: Sinitic ● Mandarin sort of evolved or derived from Middle Chinese or Old Mandarin which is all assumed to be evolved from Old or Archaic Chinese. Some dialects of Mandarin still have elements of middle chinese. ● Approximately 960 million speakers (2010) ● The official language of: China, ROC Taiwan, & Singapore (1 out of 4) ● The chinese language uses a system of logograms but the characters each represent syllables. - Some characters by themself mean a word - 2 characters can be combined to make a ‘compound’ but are then technically considered a single character - There are 50, 000 characters (an educated chinese person would know about 8, 000) ● There are many dialects of mandarin, the most popular being the Beijing dialect. Most varieties of Mandarin have 4 ‘tones’. A tone is a way you inflect a syllable and it can make it mean something different. In each dialect, the tones mean different things, making it very hard for them to be mutually intelligible. ● Languages similar to Mandarin: Japanese and Korean have some common words

Niger-Congo By: Trisha Tan, Alyssa Ashlock, Katharine Beebe and Adrian Falcon

Yoruba 1)Language family: Benue-congo Language I have chosen: yoruba Origin theory: Niger-congo 2)approximately 19 million Speakers It is one of four official languages of Nigeria 3) it does not use logograms. It has three tones, high, mid and low 4)Itsekiri, and Igala 5)there around 12 -26 different dialects. Some of these are Ojo, Adetugbo and Mustaphe. This differences are pronunciation, grammatical structure and vocabulary

FULA Language family: Atlantic Proto Language: Niger-Congo Speakers: 13 million Where: many parts of west africa uses alphabet Languages similar: serer, wolof Dialects: Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular. Differences are pronunciation

rwanda-rundi 1. Language Family: Benue-Congo Branch: Niger-Congo 2. Speakers: 14 Million It is a dialect 3. The language does not use a logograms. -Alphabet 4. Kinyarwanda and Kirundi are very similar in many aspects, but differ in several ways as well. 5. The other dialects are spoken in Tanzania. The difference

Mandingo Photo language: NIger-Congo Branch: Mande Speakers: 6 million, official language of the Gambia Does not use logograms, speak in two tones, high and low Similar to wolof There are no known dialects

Austric Languages By Jaylene, Paul, Joseph, and Adrianna

Vietnamese ● Language family: Austric ● Branch: Austro-Asiatic ● Language: Vietnamese ● Approx: 68 million ● Written with a Siniform (Chinese-like) script. At first most Vietnamese language was Chinese in structure and vocabulary. ● Vietnamese is similar to the language Cantonese. ● The three major dialects are Hanoi (easiest to understand-mostly hear on national tv) Hue (very different than other two dialects due to the location) , and Saigon (also easy to understand because of how much it is used on tv).

Batak Originated in Indonesia In the Austronesian branch 7 million people Written in Arabic Use to be used by priests but is now used for ornamental purposes Written top to bottom, left to right Written with no spaces or punctuation No known dialects

Malay Language Family: Austro-Asiatic Branch: Austronesian Origin theory: earliest inscriptions in Malay found on the island of Sumatra in 683 A. D. ; when Islam arrived in Southeast Asia in 14 th century, Malay was then written in Arabic script Speakers: Approximately 59 million Official Language: In Malaysia; 1 out of 4 official languages of Singapore Literary Tradition: Written in Arabic Script Similar Languages: Indonesian Differing Dialects: Northern dialect, which is Malay, spoken in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei; Southern dialect spoken in Indonesia. Sources ● ● "Malay. " Www. ethnologue. com. N. p. , 2016. Web. 6 Dec. 2016. "Malay (Bahasa Melayu / )ﺑﻬﺎﺱ ﻣﻼﻳﻮ. " Www. omniglot. com. Kualo, n. d. Web. 8 Dec. 2016. Rubenstein, James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 12 th ed. N. p. : Pearson, 1996. Print. Thompson, Irene. "Malay ( Bahasa Melayu). " Www. aboutworldlanguages. com. The Technology Development Group, 15 June 2016. Web. 6 Dec. 2016.

Madurece • Language Family: Austro-Asiatic • Branch: Austronesian • Originated: In Madura • Speakers: 15 million • Official Language: Indonesian Language • Similar Language: Javanese Language • Population: 7 million

Language Presentation

Berber -Language family: Is from the Berber language family -Branch: Afro-Asiatic Branch -Language: Beber -How many speakers: There are 6 major varieties each with a least 2 million speakers each - Logograms: it does use logograms -Any similar languages: There are 26 related languages

Hungarian Uralic languages were noticed in 1670’s and the family itself was established

Tamil -Tamil belongs to the Dravidian branch -69 Million people speak this language and is a official language in Singapore and Sri Lanka. -Tamil consists of logograms -There are no similar languages to Tamil -There is Central Tamil and Maduri Tamil

-Language Family: Semitic Arabic - Branch: Afro-Asiatic - Speakers: 223 Million, official language dominantly in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, and Mauritania - The Arabic language consists of logograms - The Arabic language is similar to Hebrew and aramaic - There are many different dialects that are divided by regions, many times it is spoken differently than it is

Uzbek Turkic language in the Altaic family/branch Origin Theory: Derived from Turick dialect in Central Asia Official language in Uzbekistan Has around 27 million native speakers Was written in Arabic but then changed to Cyrillic letters In its language its written oʻzbek tili or oʻzbekcha

Germanic and Romance Languages Ke’alohi Tombleson, Mahie Tombleson, Seleste Barrera, Ryan Bamford, Mackenzie Honey

Spanish 1. Romance Branch (Indo. European Family) 2. There approximately 400 million native Spanish speakers. 3. The literary tradition for the language Spanish is alphabetical. This language does not use logograms. 4. Languages that are similar to spanish are, French, Portuguese, Italian, even Latin, Catalan, and Romanian. 5. There are 10 Spanish dialects. Some examples are, Occidental, Norteño del, Bajacaliforniense.

Romanian 1) Language Tree: - Family: Indo-European - Branch: Romance 2) Speakers: - 23 million people - Official language of: Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine 3) Literary Tradition: - Cyrillic and Latin alphabet 4/5) Dialects and Similar Languages: - Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro. Romanian - They are similar languages but are frequently classified as dialects

Danish ● Language Family: North Germanic branch, Indo European family. Germanic origin. ● Speakers: 6 million, official language in Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland. ● Literary Tradition: Alphabetical literacy, 26 letters plus Æ, Ø, Å. ● Similar languages: Norwegian and Swedish. ● Dialects: 13 dialects

1 2 Dutch ● Family: Indo-European ● Branch: West Germanic ● ● 3 ● ● 4 ● 5 ● # of speakers: 22 million Dutch is a official language of the Netherlands Literary tradition: Alphabetical Logograms: None Similar languages: Afrikaans, German, English and Frisian Dialects: 35 different Dutch dialects

Portuguese 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Language Tree a. Family: Indo-European b. Branch: Romance Speakers a. Native: 202 million b. Official and co-official language in: Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Portugal, Guinea-Bissau, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Príncipe Literary Tradition a. Based off of Latin alphabet b. Uses 5 different diacritics i. Acute Accent (Ó) ii. Circumflex Accent (Ô) iii. Grave Accent (Ò) iv. Tilde (Õ) v. Cedilla (Ç) Similar Languages a. French b. Catalan Dialects a. 35 different dialects b. Example: “Bus” i. Angola: Machimbombo ii. Brazil: Ônibus iii. Portugal: Autocarro

Language By: Chris Hartzell, Hope Ziebart, Javier Manriquez, Alba G. Rodriguez, Giddeon Hampton

Russian 1. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and the East Slavic branch. 2. Approximately 150 -180 million people speak Russian is the official language in 38 countries and smaller territories and regions. The larger countries that Russian is the official language are as follows: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. 3. The Russian language uses logograms and alphabetical system, but instead of using the Roman alphabetical system, Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet 4. Knowing Russian helps speaking any Slavic language because they are similar. Thus, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Slovene are all similar to Russian. 5. The different dialects of Russian are found in the North, South, East, and West. The differences between the dialects usually dictate what characters and vowels are stressed. For example, in Northern Russia, the vowel: “O” isn’t stressed; but in the South, it is stressed.

Korean. . . ~Central Asia language family. ~76 Million speakers. ~ official language, North Korea and South Korea ~divided: classical and modern ~ Japanese and Chinese ~ Use logograms ~ dialect category's *Seoul & Gyeonggi *Ganngwon *Chungcheon *Jeolla

Armenian (������� ) -Indo European language -About 6 million speakers mainly in Armenia. -Spoken in Russia, Georgia, Lebanon, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Egypt and the USA, -Armenian is the official language of Armenia and Nagorno. Karabakh -First written in 405 AD 5 th century -Loanwords from Parthian and also from Greek, Syriac and Latin. -Writing system Armenian Alphabet written from left to right in Horizontal lines most letters have numerical values. No gender. -Similar languages Phyrygian and Persian

Japanese ● Japonic family ● Japanese is its own branch ● Spoken by 125 million people (aprox) ● Official language mainly in japan and parts of east asia ● Use logograms ● The closest language is korean and chinese ● There are dozens of dialects that differ in pitch accent most common are tokyo-type and kyoto-okasha type

Albanian ●Indo-European family ●Six million people speak it ●Divided into two different main dialects - GHEG DIALECT: Spoken in most of Albanian North - TOSK DIALECT: Spoken in most of Albanian South

Indo-Iranian By: Angel Hudson, Sydney Hunter, Ashley Moores, Eric Galvan, Kenna Allen

Hindi Language family: Indo-Iranian Branch: Indo-Aryan There are 260 million speakers in Hindi It’s the offical language of India, Afganistan, Fiji, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, It is alphabetic Arabic and Urdu and other languages with Devanagari Sanskrit or (middle eastern and south Asian languages with scribbles)

Urdu Language family- Indo-Iranian Branch- Indo-Aryan There are 63 speakers in Urdu and Urdu is the official language of Pakistan. Arabic and Turkish are similar to this language. Decanni is a sub-dialect of this language.

Rajasthani is part of the indo-aryan family Approximately 20 million speakers Alphabetic language Some dialects are considered entire different languages Dialects include: Bagri, Shekhawati, Marwari, Dhundhari, Harauti, Mewari, and Ahirwati

Bengali Language family: Indo-Aryan Branch: Indo-Iranian Bengali also known as Bangla 193 million speakers, It is an official language of Bangladesh Language is written from left to right It is written in alphabet form Hindi is a similar language Dialects: Eastern and southeastern are both considered informal Some dialects: Noakhali, Khulna, Bogra, Comilla, etc

Deccani/Dakhini ● ● Deccan is part of the Indo-Aryan family and the Indo-Iranian branch. 13 million people speak this language. Deccani uses logograms rather than an alphabet. Similar to Urdu (Indo-Iranian) ○ Deccani is a sub-dialect of Urdu ● Deccani is not an official language ○ Urdu is the official language of Pakistan