PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE Present Indefinite Tense is used

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE Present Indefinite Tense is used to express an action that is done regularly or habitually. e. g. � He always wakes late. � Everybody takes care of his luggage.

How to make a Tense Simple Subject+V 1+Object +RP. negative Subject + Do not or Does not + V 1 +Object +RP. She doesn’t go to college. We don’t eat mangoes. interrogative Do or Does+ Subject+ V 1 +Object +RP? Does she go to college everyday? Relative sentence Wh…)+ Do or Does+Subject+V 1+Object+RP? Why does Jesse beat a cat?

Note He, She, It , Singular name s or es/ Does /doesn’t I , We , You , They , Plural names Do/don’t Verbs + x , o, s, ss , ch, sh es (wash=washes )

USES Ø to express a future event that is part of a plan or arrangement: We go to Karachi next. � To express habit, routine, usual work ; She gets up early in the morning. anything which happens according to the law of nature/ truth � The River Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Bees make honey. Used in newspaper headlines. � Peace mission fails. Earthquake rocks the city. Pakistan wins the world cup.

Remember: � Don’t use do or does after Who � Who does beat Ali? (Incorrect) � Who beat Ali? (Correct) � Warning: � Do not use is, am and are in this sentence.

Present continuous Tenses to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. � Examples: � You are not swimming now. � Are you sleeping? � I am sitting. � They are reading their books. � They are not watching television. � What are you doing?

How to make sentences Simple: Subject + HV(is, am, are ) + V. . ing + Object + RP. You are learning English now. negative Subject + HV(is, am, are ) +Not + V. . ing + Object + RP. . I am not standing. interrogative HV(is, am, are ) +Subject + V. . ing + Object + RP. Is he sitting ? Relative sentence Wh. . + HV(is, am, are ) +Subject + V. . ing + Object + RP. why aren't you doing your homework?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present: e. g. I have walked two miles already.

How to make a tenses Simple Subject + HV(has or have ) + V 3 + Object + RP. I have walked negative Subject + HV(has or have ) + V 3 + Object + RP. You haven't walked. interrogative HV(has or have ) + Subject+ V 3 + Object + RP ? Have you just finished work? Relative sentence Wh. . + HV(has or have ) + Subject+ V 3 + Object + RP ?

Uses � ACTIONS REPEATED IN AN UNSPECIFIED PERIOD BETWEEN THE PAST AND NOW. �They have seen that film six times �It has happened several times already. � ACTIONS COMPLETED IN THE VERY RECENT PAST (+JUST) • I have just eaten.

Uses To talk about an action that was finished just now or in the immediate past. �They have just arrived. �I have finished writing. To talk about a past action that has its effect in the present. �Somebody has let the cat in. (= The cat is in now. The action took place in the past, but its effect is still present. ) �I have broken my leg, so I can’t walk now.

Uses � Action that stopped recently She has cooked dinner. � Finished action that has an influence on the present I have lost my key. � Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking I have never been to Australia.

Been. � We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to : �I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live). �She has been to school today (but now she's back at home). �They have never been to California.

Gone. � We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now: ◦ 'Where's John? ' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now). ◦ Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico). ◦ They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).

Clues We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience. Sana has never broken a leg. Have you ever eaten vegetable? We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted. I have been a teacher for more than ten years. We haven't seen Janine since Friday. We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present. Have you just finished work? I have just eaten.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action, which began in the past and still continuing. e. g. I have been waiting for an hour and he still has not turned up. They have been playing since 5 O’ clock.

uses used for an action only just finished as: � I’m sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long? � A number of verbs mentioned in present continuous tense are not used in this tense also. However , in certain cases(exceptions) we can use them. � Ahmad has been seeing about a project for you. � I have been hearing all about this operation. � NOTE: � A verb want and wish are also possible in this tense. � E. g. � Thank you for this watch. I have been wanting it for ages. �

How to make sentences Simple Subject +has/have + been+ (V--ing)+ Object +RP. I have been doing my home work. negative Subject +has/have +not+ been+ (V--ing)+ Object +RP. He has not been singing a song. interrogative Has/Have +Subject + been+ (V--ing)+ Object +RP? Has he been singing a song? Relative sentence Wh…+ Has/Have +Subject + been+ (V--ing)+ Object +RP? Why Has he been singing a song?

Past Indefinite Tense � It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago.

� � Positive Sentence • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object • Subject + 2 nd form of verb (past simple) + object Examples I killed a snake Negative sentences • Subject + did not + 1 st form of verb or base form + object In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1 st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2 nd form (or past simple verb). � Examples. I did not kill a snake Interrogative sentence. • Did + subject + 1 st form of verb (or base verb) + object Examples Did I kill a snake?

For Emphasis � He did come here. � He did steal my book.

Uses The past simple verb tense is used when the: � the action happened in the past � the action/event is completed/finished at the time of speaking � the time or/and place is stated or understood � the length of the event/action is not important Examples: § I went to school last week. § We did not go to English class today. § They ate lunch at school. § Did you miss the bus this morning.

uses Note: The following phrases are often used: � yesterday -- last year � last night -- two years � two months -- ago � many years -- ago � a long time -- ago

Difference between past and present perfect Understand the diffidence between the past simple verb tense & the present perfect verb tense � Past Simple – is used when the: � action is finished � exact time of the action is known � ◦ I lost my keys. ◦ Jimmy went to Europe 2 years ago. ◦ We finished the project last week. Present Perfect Tense – is used for an action: � that is not finished � that finished in the past & has something to do with now � the exact time of the action is unknown � ◦ I have lost my keys, and now I can't get into the house. ◦ My sister and I have gone to France a while ago. ◦ We have done a lot of work on the project.

Past Continuous Tenses � he past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

Uses � to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e. g. � "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. "

How to form sentences � Positive sentence. • Subject + was/were + (1 st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object She was crying yesterday. � Negative sentences Subject + was/were + NOT + (1 st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object. She was not crying yesterday. � Interrogative sentences • Was/were + Subject + (1 st form of verb or base verb +ing) +objec Examples. Was she crying yesterday?

Examples � � Positive sentences They were laughing at the joker. He was taking exam last month You waiting for him yesterday She was working in a factory. It was raining yesterday. Negative sentences They were not laughing at the joker. He was not taking exam last month You were not waiting for him yesterday She was not working in a factory. It was not raining yesterday. Interrogative sentences Were they laughing at the joker? Was he taking exam last month? Were you waiting for him yesterday? Was she working in a factory? Was it raining yesterday?

Past perfect tense It is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past. For example, I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago) � The students had gone before the teacher came. (The first part of sentence “The student has gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense) � Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3 rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence

Uses � The Past Perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in thepast. This is the past in the past. For example: � The train left at 9 am. We arrived at 9: 15 am. When we arrived, the train had left.

Structure of sentence. � � � Positive sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + had + 3 rd form of verb or past participle + object Examples. He had taken the exam last year A thief had stolen my watch. Negative sentence • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object • Subject + had + not + 3 rd form of verb or past participle + object “Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence. Examples. He had not taken the exam last year A thief had not stolen my watch. Interrogative sentence • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object • Had + subject + 3 rd form of verb or past participle + object Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” Examples. Had he taken the exam last year Had a thief stolen my watch?

� � � Positive sentences They had visited a doctor. He had slept. I had finished my work last year. It had rained heavily last month. The film had started before we reached cinema. Negative sentences They had not visited a doctor. He had not slept. I had not finished my work last year. It had not rained heavily last month. The film had not started before we reached cinema. Interrogative sentences Had they visited a doctor? Had he slept? Had I finished my work last year? Had it rained heavily last month? Had the film started before we reached cinema.