PM 10 AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION ARI AMONG

PM 10 AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI) AMONG CHILDREN IN KLANG VALLEY : GIS MAPPING Siti Rahmah A. R. 1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I. 1, Muhammad Firuz R. 2, Mohd Talib L. 3, Mazrura S. 4 1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM 2 School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM 3 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment Studies, UPM 4 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

INTRODUCTION • Rapid urban population growth and physical development has given significant pressure to the Worsened air environment. pollution 30 25 80 Total Population of Malaysia by 28. 3 Year Level of Urbanisation in Malaysia by Year 71 70 23. 3 62 60 15 50. 7 18. 4 50 13. 7 (%) Million 20 40 34. 2 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 1980 1991 Year 2000 Source: Department of Statistic, Malaysia 2010 1980 1991 Year 2000 2010 2

Source: Malaysia Air Pollution Index and Environmental Quality Report 2010 3

Source: The Acute Respiratory Infection Atlas, First Edition 2010 4

Source: The Acute Respiratory Infection Atlas, First Edition 2010 5

AIR POLLUTION INDEX COLOR CODE CATEGORY 0 -50 GOOD 51 -100 MODERATE 101 -200 UNHEALTHY 201 -300 VERY UNHEALTHY 301 HAZARDOUS 6

AIR QUALITY STATUS Source of Ozone: Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Source of SO 2: - industrial facilities and - Generation of electricity electric utilities, motor from coal, oil or gas that vehicle exhaust, gasoline contain sulphur, fuel vapors, and chemical combustion Source of CO: - incomplete combustion like cigarette smoking and car exhausts Source of PM 10: - bushfires, unpaved roads, motor vehicles emission, industrial process Source of NO 2: - Motor vehicles exhaust, electric utilities and industrial boilers Source: Environmental Quality Report 2010 7

Particulate Matter (PM 10) Particles, which are between 2. 5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2. 5 -PM 10), Particles smaller than 2. 5 microns (PM 2. 5), can travel deeper into the lungs.

OBJECTIVE To determine distribution pattern of PM 10 and ARI among children age between 0 to 14 years old in Klang Valley.

Data analysis ARI data with the coordinate will be input in the GIS software to build a pattern of ARI cases Air pollution data with the coordinate of each monitoring station will be input in the GIS software to build a pattern of air pollution These two pattern will be overlaid to explore the association between ARI and PM 10. 10

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PM 10 concentration with ARI cases in 2007

PM 10 concentration with ARI cases in 2008

PM 10 concentration with ARI cases in 2009

PM 10 concentration with ARI cases in 2010

Annual mean of PM 10 concentration and ARI cases

CONCLUSION • Highest PM 10 was observed in Klang. • High PM 10 can increase ARI incidence. • Integrated usage of geostatistical methods, and spatial analysis can introduce valuable information to identify, visualize and explore the relationship between incidence on ARI and environmental pollution.

STUDY LIMITATION • Limited air quality station numbers in Klang Valley to get more accurate data in certain places. • ARI data may not cover other respiratory registry in some private health sector.

REFERENCES • • • Statistics, D. o. (2012). Economic Census 2011. Malaysia: Department of Statistics. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2006). Children’s Environmental Health: 2006 Report. United States: Environmental Protection Agency Environment, D. o. (2010). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2010. Malaysia: Department of Environment. Wong, S. L. , Hussain, I. M. I. (2008). A Study on Under Five Deaths In Malaysia in the Year 2006. Clinical Research Centre. Leh, O. L. H. , Shaharuddin, A. , Kadaruddin, A. , Yaakob, M. J. , Hwa, T. K. , (2011). Urban environmental health: Respiratory illness and urban factors in Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Asia 4(1), 39 -46. The Acute Respiratory Infection Atlas, First Edition 2010 Zailina, H. , Juliana, J. , Jamal, H. H. (2004). Comparison of Lung Functions Among Asthmatic Children in Malaysia. Pertanika J. Sci. & Techno. 12(1), II – 20. Brauer, M. , Hoek, G. , Vliet, P. V. , & Meliefste, K. (2002 (166)). Air Pollution from Traffic and the Development of Respiratory Infections and Asthmatic and Allergic Symptoms in Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 1092 -1098. Jalaludin, B. B. , O'Toole, B. I. , & Leeder, S. R. (2004). Acute effects of urban ambient air pollution on respiratory symptoms, asthma medication use, and doctor visits for astma in a cohort of Australian children. Environmental Research 95, 32 -42.