Organic Functional Groups What is a functional Group

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Organic Functional Groups

Organic Functional Groups

What is a functional Group? �Element, Compound, or entire chain that replaces a hydrogen

What is a functional Group? �Element, Compound, or entire chain that replaces a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain �Alter the properties of the original hydrocarbon �Create a new molecule with unique properties �Always have the lowest number assigned to them when placed on a molecule

Halides �Formed when at least one halogen (Group 17 element) has been added to

Halides �Formed when at least one halogen (Group 17 element) has been added to a hydrocarbon �Typically are used as pesticides and organic solvents �Follow all normal rules when naming and drawing halides

Formation of Halocarbons (Substitution Reactions) �Hydrocarbon + Halogen �Only works with ALKANES!!! �One hydrogen

Formation of Halocarbons (Substitution Reactions) �Hydrocarbon + Halogen �Only works with ALKANES!!! �One hydrogen from the alkane is replaced by one group 17 element per reaction cycle �Products are a halocarbon and an acid

Alcohols �At least one hydrogen has been replaced by the hydroxyl group (OH) �This

Alcohols �At least one hydrogen has been replaced by the hydroxyl group (OH) �This hydroxyl group (OH) does NOT IONIZE SO THESE ARE NOT BASES!!!! �Non-Electrolytes �Polar �Soluble in water up to 4 carbons (Butanol)

Types of Alcohols � 1. Primary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is

Types of Alcohols � 1. Primary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is only in direct contact with one other carbon �Typically found on the end of a chain � 2. Secondary Alcohol– The carbon with the OH group is in direct contact with 2 carbon atoms �Middle of the chain with no branching � 3. Tertiary Alcohol—The carbon with the OH group is in contact with 3 other Carbon atoms �Middle with a branching chain

Naming and Drawing Alcohols �Follow all basic rules �Carbon with OH gets lowest number

Naming and Drawing Alcohols �Follow all basic rules �Carbon with OH gets lowest number and if multiple OH Groups are attached start at the end that gives all of them the lowest numbers possible � 1 OH—ol ending � 2 OH groups– diol � 3 OH groups– triol

3. Aldehydes

3. Aldehydes

Properties �Oxygen is attached by a double bond to a carbon on the end

Properties �Oxygen is attached by a double bond to a carbon on the end of the chain �End with “al” �Ex: Ethanal �Number the chain starting at the end of the molecule where the functional group is located and follow all basic naming rules

4. Ketones

4. Ketones

Notes �Similar to Aldehydes �Ketones are fats or lipid based molecules �Functional group is

Notes �Similar to Aldehydes �Ketones are fats or lipid based molecules �Functional group is in the middle of the chain but still has a double bonded oxygen �End with “one” �Ex: Propanone �Number the chain so the group has the lowest number possible �Ketoacidosis is a condition that diabetics get when they use only fats for energy--- can kill them

5. Ethers �Composed of 2 alkyl group chains connected together by an oxygen in

5. Ethers �Composed of 2 alkyl group chains connected together by an oxygen in the middle �Name in order from left to right �Used as anesthesia and is still a component of most anesthetics

6. Organic Acids �Weak Acids that have the carboxyl group (COOH) �Attached typically to

6. Organic Acids �Weak Acids that have the carboxyl group (COOH) �Attached typically to the end of a chain but can be moved around �End with “oic acid” �Ex: Methanoic Acid �Weak electrolytes/Do not ionize completely �p. H typically greater than 3 �Follow typical rules when naming/drawing

7. Esters �Formed when an organic acid is combined with an alcohol during a

7. Esters �Formed when an organic acid is combined with an alcohol during a chemical reaction �Water is one of the products along with the ester �Esters are molecules that produce smells both good and bad and they can add flavor to a food as well � 2 x bonded oxygen is in the middle and the molecule is held together by an “ester bridge”

8. Amines �Any amine is a derivative of ammonia (NH 3) �Formed when one,

8. Amines �Any amine is a derivative of ammonia (NH 3) �Formed when one, two, or all three of the hydrogen atoms on an ammonia molecule are replaced by an alkyl group �Amino acids contain an amine group combined with a carboxylic acid group. �Named by placing “amine” at the end of the name �Ex: Methyl amine

Amines Continued �If an amine has one alkyl group attached to it, it’s a

Amines Continued �If an amine has one alkyl group attached to it, it’s a primary amine �Two alkyl groups make it secondary �Three make it tertiary �Number amine molecules just like all others making sure the amine group(s) have the lowest numbers possible

9. Amides �Formed from the reaction between two amino acids �One acids hydrogen reacts

9. Amides �Formed from the reaction between two amino acids �One acids hydrogen reacts with another acids OH group �This is a condensation reaction because water is a product along with an amide �Form large molecules held together by peptide bonds �Named by isolating the alkyl group that is left along with the acid that reacts �Ex; Methyl amide