North America I CHAPTER 3 149 171 DEFINING

North America - I (CHAPTER 3: 149 -171)

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS n n n n n ANGLO-AMERICAN LABEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE CHRISTIAN FAITHS EUROPEAN NORMS n GOVERNMENT, ARCHITECTURE, DIET, ARTS HIGHLY URBANIZED MOBILE POPULATIONS HIGH INCOMES MANUFACTURING OUTPUT FEDERAL STATES WITH PLURAL SOCIETIES

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS

CULTURAL DIFFUSION CIRCA 1820 New England Mid-Atlantic Pennsylvania Tidewater Maryland/ Virginia Frontier Zones by 1810 Hearth Areas (Pre-1725) Secondary Areas (1740 -1775) Tertiary Areas (1780 -1820)

SHIFT IN THE US MEAN CENTER OF POPULATION: EVIDENCE OF MIGRATION DECISIONS 1754 1860 1920 1990 1980 1820 1790

THE IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE: 1820 -1980 South/East Europe Immigration in 1000 s 10000 Germany 8000 British Isles 6000 Latin America Asia Scandinavia 4000 2000 1820 1840 1860 1880 Push Factors +1840 s: Irish Potato Famine +1850 -1920: Overpopulation, War +Recent: Overpopulation, War, Oppression 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Pull Factors +Economic Opportunity +Political/Religious Freedom +Land Availability

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

ETHNIC PATTERNS

URBAN GEOGRAPHY n n CONCERNED WITH THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF CITIES AND URBAN NETWORKS 4 MAJOR THEMES n n n HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF CITIES INTERURBAN GEOGRAPHY INTRAURBAN GEOGRAPHY • URBAN SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY n n PLANNING AND POLICY-MAKING 3 KEY MODELS n BORCHERT; ADAMS; VANCE

BORCHERT’S MODEL (METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION) n n n GENERALIZATION OF THE HISTORICAL GROWTH OF THE US URBAN SYSTEM BASED ON KEY CHANGES IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY OCCURRED IN 5 STAGES n n n Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790 -1830) Iron Horse Epoch (1830 -1870) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870 -1920) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920 -1970) Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch (1970 -? )

ADAM’S MODEL n n FOCUSED ON INTRAURBAN GROWTH BASED ON BREAKTHROUGHS IN TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY A PATTERN OF OUTWARD-AREAL EXPANSION OCCURRED IN 4 STAGES n n <1888 - WALKING-HORSECAR ERA 1888 -1920 - ELECTRIC STREETCAR ERA 1920 -1945 - RECREATIONAL AUTO ERA 1945 -PRESENT- FREEWAY ERA

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads Arterial Highways 1 Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads Arterial Highways 1 Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads 2 1 1880 Arterial Highways Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads 2 1 1880 Arterial Highways Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads 2 1 1880 1920 3 Arterial Highways Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads 2 1 1880 1920 3 Arterial Highways Expressways

ADAM’S MODEL (STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH) 2 3 4 Arterial Highways Expressways 1 1880 1920 1940 Electric Streetcars, commuter railroads 1990 s

URBAN SPATIAL CHANGES MICROSCALE (Intraurban) James Vance defines a new tributary area; URBAN REALMS n Single urban structure of the past is transformed into a multicentered model in which several outlying activity concentrations rival the Central Business District (CBD) n

IDEAL FORM OF MULTICENTERED URBAN REALMS MODEL

SPATIAL ECONOMY (COMPONENTS) n ACTIVITIES OR n Primary n Secondary n Tertiary n Quaternary n Quinary SECTORS (Raw Materials) (Manufacturing) (Services) (Information) (Management)

Agriculture in the US A Macro Von Thünen Model

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION FACTORS n n n Location of raw materials Labor availability Energy availability Location of market Transportation Remember… Alfred Weber? • Relative importance of factors change • INDIVIDUAL SECTORS • NATURE OF THE ECONOMY

NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING BELT

North America - I (CHAPTER 3: 149 -171)