RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining and Nondefining clauses By Denise
![RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining and Non-defining clauses By Denise D’Alessandro RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining and Non-defining clauses By Denise D’Alessandro](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-1.jpg)
RELATIVE CLAUSES Defining and Non-defining clauses By Denise D’Alessandro
![Defining clauses are an essential part of the meaning of the sentence and cannot Defining clauses are an essential part of the meaning of the sentence and cannot](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-2.jpg)
Defining clauses are an essential part of the meaning of the sentence and cannot be left out. • There’s the boy who you were telling me about. DR qualify a noun, and tell us exactly which person or thing is being referred to: • Politicians who tell lies are odious. Who tell lies are exactly which politicians are odious, without the DR clause, the speaker is saying that all politicians are odious.
![Pronoun left out Pronoun not left out • Did you like the present ( Pronoun left out Pronoun not left out • Did you like the present (](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-3.jpg)
Pronoun left out Pronoun not left out • Did you like the present ( ) I gave you • Who was the man ( ) you were talking to • The thing ( ) I like about Lucas is his sense of humor. Subject Object • I met a man who works in soap operas. • I’ll take you to the place that changed my life. • The thing that helped me most was being self confident. Person Thing who (that) ___ (that) that (which) _____ (that) • The words in brackets are possible but not as common. • _____ means “nothing”
![Notes: • THAT is preferred to WHICH after superlatives and words such as all, Notes: • THAT is preferred to WHICH after superlatives and words such as all,](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-4.jpg)
Notes: • THAT is preferred to WHICH after superlatives and words such as all, every(thing), some(thing), any(thing) and only. • “Dead Poets Society” is the best movie that was ever made. • All that is left is a few slices of pizza. • Give me something that will take away my headache, please.
![Non-defining clauses add secondary information to a sentence. • My friend Carlos, who is Non-defining clauses add secondary information to a sentence. • My friend Carlos, who is](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-5.jpg)
Non-defining clauses add secondary information to a sentence. • My friend Carlos, who is Spanish, makes a delicious Paella. • Politicians, who tell lies, are odious. The NDR clause suggests that all politicians tell lies.
![Relative pronouns cannot be left out of NDR clauses. Relative pronoun as subject: Relative Relative pronouns cannot be left out of NDR clauses. Relative pronoun as subject: Relative](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-6.jpg)
Relative pronouns cannot be left out of NDR clauses. Relative pronoun as subject: Relative pronoun as object: • Dan Brown, who has written several books, addressed the meeting. • His last book, which received a lot of praise, has been a great success. • Dan Brown, who (whom) I knew in Alabama, addressed the meeting. • His last book, which I didn’t like at all, has been a great success.
![Note: • Prepositions can come at the end of the clause. • He talked Note: • Prepositions can come at the end of the clause. • He talked](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-7.jpg)
Note: • Prepositions can come at the end of the clause. • He talked about formulas and theories, which I’d never even heard of. • He is the boy who I went to the prom with.
![WHICH WHOSE • Which can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the WHICH WHOSE • Which can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-8.jpg)
WHICH WHOSE • Which can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole of the sentence before. • Whose can be used in both DR and NDR clauses. • She arrived on time, which amazed the teacher. • The computer isn’t working well, which did not surprise anyone. • That’s the group whose tests were corrected. • Gustavo, whose only interest is electronic devices, never goes on vacation without his cell phone.
![WHAT WHY • What is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that. WHAT WHY • What is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that.](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-9.jpg)
WHAT WHY • What is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that. • Why can be used to introduce DR clauses after the word reason. It can be left out. • Has she told you what’s worrying her • What I need to know is where you’re going. • Do you remember the reason why we’re arguing
![WHEN and WHERE • When and Where can be used to introduce both DR WHEN and WHERE • When and Where can be used to introduce both DR](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ffdeca92ba3a00461af6100f0ca8d86/image-10.jpg)
WHEN and WHERE • When and Where can be used to introduce both DR and NDR clauses. In DR clauses, when can be left out. • Can you tell me the exact time (when) you hope to arrive • Where cannot be left out unless we add a preposition. • That’s the hotel where we’re staying. • That’s the hotel we’re staying at. • In NDR clauses, when and where cannot be left out.
- Slides: 10