National Technical University of Athens Japanese Society of

National Technical University of Athens Japanese Society of Civil Engineers Laboratory of Soil Mechanics Earthquake Engineering Committee Hellenic Society for Earthquake Engineering 3 rd Greece – Japan Workshop Seismic Design, Observation and Retrofit of Foundations With Special Issue on Protection of Cultural Heritages “Geotechnical Issues on the Seismic Protection of Monuments” by G. Bouckovalas, V. Dimitriadi Santorini, Sept. 22 – 23, 2009

Special Thanks to. . . European Council European Centre on Prevention & Forecasting of Earthquakes “E. C. P. F. E. ” Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization “E. P. P. O” . . . for funding the following technical report. . . “Issues of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil – Monument Interaction” by G. Bouckovalas, G. Gazetas, Κ. Pitilakis, Ι. Constantopoulos, Μ. Kavvadas, Ι. Anastasopoulos, V. Dimitriadi

CONTENTS Case studies in Europe of seismic damage aggravation in monuments due to geotechnical causes Geotechnical investigations and analyses for the seismic design and protection of monuments Conclusions

HISTORICAL CASE STUDIES Archaeological site of Delphi, Greece (Marinos & Rondoyanni, 1999) Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Greece (Andronopoulos B. Tzitziras A. , 1988, Papadopoulos Κ. , Vintzileou Ε. , 2008) Colosseum - Rome [Funiciello et al. , (1995), Donati et al. , (1999), Campolunghi et al. , (2007)] Columns of Trajan & Marcus Aurelius, Rome [Boschi et al. , (1995), Donati et al. , (1999), Campolunghi et al. , (2007)] Paved Floor of the decumanus – Tindari, Sicily (Bottari et al. , 2008) Daphni Monastery – Αttica, Greece [Mariolakos et al. , (2000), Polymenakos et al. (2005)] Fatih Mosque – Turkey (Berilgen, 2007) Umbria Province – Italy (Del Prete et al. , 1998) Provinces of Campobasso & Foggia - Ιtaly (Mola et al. 2003, Di Capua et al. 2006, Di Capua et al. 2007)

COLOSSEUM - ROME [Funiciello et al. , (1995), Donati et al. , (1999), Campolunghi et al. , (2007)]

… aerial view …stereogram Alluvial Deposits Gravel / Clay Bedrock 26 m Silty sand/ Sand 78 m

2 -D analyses of soil response. . . time domain response to “delta-like” signal at the free surface of the examined site. 1. Holocene Alluvium 2. Sedimentary & partly volcanic deposits 3. Bedrock

Columns of Τrajan & Μarcus Aurelius [Boschi et al. , (1995), Donati et al. , (1999), Campolunghi et al. , (2007)] T. C. A. C. 700 m

Trajan Emperor’s column ….

Marcus Aurelius Emperor’s column ….

2 -D analyses of soil reponse. . . (b) (a) Alluvial Deposits (a) (c) (b) Sedimentary and volcani deposits (c) bedrock Pseudoimpulse response

2 -D analyses of soil reponse. . . (b) (a) Alluvial Deposits (c) (b) Sedimentary and volcanic deposits (c) bedrock Spectral Acceleration Ratio surface over bedrock surface over base of soil column

CONTENTS Case studies in Europe of seismic damage aggravation in monuments due to geotechnical causes Geotechnical investigations and analyses for the seismic design and protection of monuments Conclusions

CONTENTS Case studies in Europe of seismic damage aggravation in monuments due to geotechnical causes Geotechnical investigations and analyses for the seismic design and protection of monuments Conclusions

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS & STUDIES Seismic Response of Historical Centers of Νicastro & Gerace, Calabria, Italy (Costanzo et al. , 2007) Geotechnical Problems of the Foundations of Byzantine and Post Byzantine monuments in Thessaloniki, Greece [Tsotsos et al. , (1988), Raptakis et al. , (2004), Kappos et al. , (2008)] Larnaka Aquaduct: dependence of super-structure’s frequency on the local hydrological conditions (in Greek) (Chrysostomou, Stasi, Dimosthenous 2008) Fatih Mosque – Τurkey (Berilgen, 2007) Mitigation of Seismic Hazard at the Historical Centre of Naples (Nunziata et al. , 2000) Evaluation of Earthquake Site – Response in the Umbria – Marche Area, Italy (Luzi et al. , 2005) A study of the Seismic Response of the city of Benevento, Italy (Di Giulio et al. , 2008)

Seismic Hazard Analysis of Gerace historical town (Costanzo et al. (2007) Gerace 700 – 800 m 70 – 90 m Slope stability problems Cracks, slides and flows

Seismic Hazard Analysis. . Spectral compatibility among selected accelerograms for the simulation of the seismic sequence in 1783 (Μs = 5. 9 – 6. 9, R = 22 – 60 km)

1 -D analyses of soil response. . EERA software + Landers (1992) seismic event * γν at G/Go=0. 65 SW - NE NW - SE

2 -D Analyses of Seismic Response – Section I [FLAC 5. 0, Landers, (Mw = 7. 3, 1992)] Horizontal Peak Acceleration profile

2 -D Αnalyses of Seismic Response - Section ΙΙ [FLAC 5. 0, Landers, (Mw = 7. 3, 1992)] Horizontal Peak Acceleration profile

Topography Effect. . Fourier spectral ratio] C 2 C 1 S 3– 4 5 Hz Typical range of fundamental frequencies for many buildings in Gerace

Plastic Deformation Pattern. . Boundary of calcarenite formation

Fatih Mosque – Τurkey (Berilgen, 2007) Recorded seismic damage

Kocaeli 1999 (Mw=7. 4) BSK: Rock outcrop FAT: 40 m thick soil deposits x(4÷ 5) YKP : Rock outcrop

Horizontal / Vertical spectral acceleration ratio for the three motion stations. . .

Geotechnical – Geophysical Investigations. . .

Computed amplification ratio curves (ground surface / base rock acceleration) for the three records. . . 2 Fundamental frequency of soil profile (FAT)

Conclusions The effect of “geotechnical” parameters in the seismic vulnerability of monuments should be carefully considered due to phenomena of. . Soil Amplification Topography Amplification Soil – Structure Interaction Dynamic Settlement Slope Failure Rockfall Tectonic Rupture (Active Faults)

Conclusions Countries of high seismicity and rich cultural heritage in Europe have finally recognized the importance of geohazards and do not spare means, and resources, when it comes to the seismic protection of monuments. . . Extensive geological, geotechnical and geophysical investigations Sophisticated 1 -D & 3 -D analyses of seismic response and soil failure… Thank you !