Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Native Americans in the History of the World Economy Week 02 Weatherford, chapters 1– 3, Pages 1– 38 In second edition, pages 1− 50 This lecture last updated: 23 September, 2014 and 31 August, 2019 10/18/2021 1

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Native Americans in the World Economy The learning objectives for week 02 are: – to understand how the city of Potosí came to be the “first city of capitalism” – to consider a new theory about why Europe was the center of the development of the modern economy – to discover the surprising role Native Americans played in helping to foster the industrial revolution – to learn why Native Americans were replaced by Africans in the slave trade – …continued on next slide… 2

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Native Americans in the World Economy The learning objectives for week 02 are (contd): – to understand how Native Americans influenced the development of European art – To understand the strange and unexpected role the potato played in conjunction with cotton to help create the industrial revolution 3

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Native Americans in the World Economy Week 02 terms you should know: – PotosÍ – El Dorado – Cerro Rico – Francisco Pizarro – Baroque – Voyageur 4

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Native Americans in the World Economy Sources (in addition to Weatherford): Mann, Charles C. 2005. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Mann, Charles C. 2012. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Random House. https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Baroque 5

10/18/2021 6

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology: Richard W. Franke Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World History of the World Economy – 2 Question: What caused Europe after 1400 AD to suddenly end a millennium of feudal stagnation and develop the modern economy we experience today? Why did these stages occur? 10/18/2021 7

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Indian Gold and Silver in the History of the World Economy (Source: Weatherford, chapter 1) 10/18/2021 8

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 1. Potosí • world’s highest city at 13, 680 ft. • 1545: Cerro Rico (“rich hill”) silver mine. See map of South America on slide 13. • Two thousand foot mountain of silver 10/18/2021 9

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 1 a. More on Potosí 2012 Update To read a 2012 report on the mines of the Cerro Rico, click here. See map of South America on slide 13. 10/18/2021 This slide added 28 April 2012 10

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 1 b. More on Potosí 2013 Update For a recently published account of the Potosí mines and a description of life in Potosí city, see Mann, Charles C. 2012. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Random House. Pages 182 et seq. Mann bases his account on Potosí’s main onsite chronicler, Bartolomé Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela who published an account of life in Potosí in 1736. under the title Historia de la Villa Imperial de Potosí. For full reference, go to the Supplementary Readings. See map of South America on slide 13. 10/18/2021 This slide added 25 December 2012 11

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 1 c. More on Potosí 2014 Update To read a 2014 New York Times report on the mines of the Cerro Rico, click here. This report focuses on the miners and the dangers as described in Weatherford’s book. See map of South America on slide 13. 10/18/2021 This slide added 23 September 2014 12

Potosí→ Montclair State University Department of Anthropology ANTH 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke 10/18/2021 13

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 10/18/2021 14

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 2. Gold • Before 1492 Europe got it from West Africa. • Moslem merchants monopolized the trade; controlled the routes across the Sahara Desert 10/18/2021 15

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • 1520 Hernando Cortés conquered Aztecs; demanded gold; led to la noche triste • legend developed of “El Dorado, ” the Golden Man • Francisco Pizarro kidnapped Inca emperor Atahualpa in 1532; demanded ransom of a room filled with gold 10/18/2021 16

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • From 1500 to 1650 Indian 180– 200 tons of Indian gold taken to Europe; worth $2. 8 billion today • Indian gold led to European baroque and rococo art and architectural styles. See file “Baroque and Rococo 10/18/2021 17

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Baroque: • After the Italian painter Frederigo Baroccio (d. 1612). An artistic style of the 16 th to 18 th centuries marked by curved and plastic figures and by elaborate and grotesque ornamentation and by flamboyance and extravagance. • Also a musical style marked by stark contrasts and elaborate ornamentation. 10/18/2021 18

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Baroque: For an alternative origin of the word “baroque, ” click here. This slide added 29 December, 2012 19

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Rococo • A style of artistic expression characteristic of 18 th century [European] furniture, porcelain, and tapestry with fanciful and frivolous use of curved lines and unsymmetrical ornamentation, sometimes using pierced shellwork. • Synonyms: ornate, outmoded, quaint, old-fashioned. ___________________ Source: Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. 1993. 10/18/2021 20

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 3. Indian Silver • In first 50 yrs of European conquest, silver supply in Europe tripled; by 1600 AD might have increased 8 -fold; by 1770 increase was 16 -fold • This the greatest increase in supply of precious metals in all of history 10/18/2021 21

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • Gold but especially silver replaced land as the basis for power; thus undermined feudal land-based power system • Sudden influx of money stimulated trade, led to mercantile basis of capitalism in Europe • (Note: industry comes later) 10/18/2021 22

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • African gold centers (such as Timbuktu) and cross-Sahara traders suffered economic decline; beginnings of European economic dominance of world 10/18/2021 23

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Indian Gold and Silver in the History of the World Economy 4. Gold, Silver and Slavery (beginnings) 10/18/2021 24

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • Declining African gold trade led to political and military weakness; helped make slave trade possible • First slaves brought to Potosí but died in high altitude; Spaniards then imposed feudal labor rules on Indians – almost like slavery 10/18/2021 25

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • 4 of 5 miners died in first year of employment – up to 8 million might have died • “Even though the Indians made possible the greatest economic boom in the history of the world and even though this boom gave rise to the great capitalist world economy, they still languish in poverty. ” (page 18; second edition page 24) 10/18/2021 26

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • Cerro Rico now the “Huakajchi: the mountain that cried. ” See the photo of the Cerro Rico on the next two slides. • Bolivia today one of the poorest countries in the world 10/18/2021 27

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 10/18/2021 28

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 10/18/2021 29

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke Week 02; Topic 03: Piracy, Slavery and the Birth of Corporations (Source: Weatherford, chapter 2) 10/18/2021 30

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke 1. Hudson’s Bay Company • • • world’s oldest corporation; running since 1670 originally based mostly on the fur trade by 1700 AD most Europeans could afford a few items of fur clothing [Note the connection with the influence of Native American gold and silver from the previous chapter] 10/18/2021 31

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke • beaver fur the most prized: easy to dye, held shape when wet • muskrat, wolf, fox, rabbit, mink, bear, wolverine, otter, raccoon, and squirrel also used to line coats • frontiersmen or “voyageurs” not as independent as in romantic Davy Crockett etc. stories: actually they were contract laborers controlled by Eastern businesses 10/18/2021 32

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke – Spanish conquistadores killed so many Indians as to create a labor shortage; Spanish ships too busy hauling precious metals and Spaniards so Dutch, French and British ships supplied the slaves – English pirates like Francis Drake robbed Spanish ships and New World cities – 1672 King Charles II of England chartered the Royal African Company to sell slaves for profit 10/18/2021 33

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • Jamestown founded by the Virginia Company – sought Potosí silver wealth but eventually turned to furs then to crops. 10/18/2021 34

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Charleston, South Carolina • More important was Charleston: founded to compete with Spanish controlled Florida (and St. Augustine settlement); traded in deerskins • British traders and settlers able to make more money more quickly because they did not have to worry about converting the Indians to Christianity – French and Spanish under more constraints. 10/18/2021 35

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Charleston, South Carolina • Charleston not cut off from US Midwest as were more northern cities – could trade and conquer more inland areas • Charleston became the great slave market: ancestors of possibly 2/3 of all African Americans entered through this port, bought and sold with the coins of Mexico and Potosí 10/18/2021 36

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • Earliest use of slaves in North America was for rice production [See later in the course in Week 11] then tobacco and cotton • On Caribbean islands, slaves produced sugar 10/18/2021 37

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Joint Stock Companies • Early royal charters from Spain, France, Holland England evolved into modern corporations; banks and stock exchanges developed to manage the wealth of the New World 10/18/2021 38

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • Adam Smith called the two most important events in world history – Opening of trade with Asia [Vasco da Gama’s arrival in Calicut India in 1498] – European discovery of the New World that had created a “revolution in commerce. ” 10/18/2021 39

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • Karl Marx made the same point in a different way emphasizing the looting, killing and enslavement as the basis for the modern capitalist system 10/18/2021 40

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • Weatherford sees the Hudson’s Bay Company as the constant element in this historically changing scene • Native American gold and silver provided the standardized values for currencies to facilitate Europeandominated international trade and corporate development 10/18/2021 41

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World The American Indian Path to Industrialization (Source: Weatherford chapter 3) 10/18/2021 42

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World “The industrial revolution did not begin in villages such as Kahl, in the workshops of skilled urban craftsmen, or even in the factories of Manchester and Liverpool – it began in the mines and on the plantations of America. ” [Weatherford, page 49; second edition page 64] 10/18/2021 43

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World • • • Sudden leap to modern industry hard to explain Why couldn’t the Greeks do it with all their sophistication? Why not the Romans? [page 41; second edition pages 53– 54] • Economic historians look for a “leading industry” to explain rise and continuation of industrialism [this not in the book] 10/18/2021 44

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Textiles 10/18/2021 45

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Textiles – based on American cotton in the 18 th and 19 th centuries – were the industry that set off the industrial revolution. 10/18/2021 46

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World A historical conjuncture unique in human history brought together: – – – Accumulated wealth from American gold and silver Accumulated wealth from the slave trade European water wheel technology American long grained cotton The dual effects of the American potato 10/18/2021 47

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World A historical conjuncture is when two or more significant historical events or processes occur close enough together in time to combine and create a new force more powerful than the sum of the two events themselves. [The term historical conjuncture itself does not appear in Weatherford’s book] 10/18/2021 48

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World First element of the conjuncture: The accumulated wealth of Indian gold and silver combined with the wealth from the early slave trade gave Europe a population with some money to spend – that is, a consumer market. 10/18/2021 49

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Second element: Europe had a fairly advanced water wheel technology from the Middle Ages that provided power to turn the grain mills. 10/18/2021 50

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Third Element: • American cotton has long strands of up to 2½ inches. • Asian Indian cotton that had been the basis of “calico” cloth from Calicut, India was more difficult to spin into thread. • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin invented in 1793 might not have been valuable without slavery and long grained cotton. 10/18/2021 51

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World 2013 Update: In England the power of the water mills was supplemented by the power of the newly invented steam engine. Cotton Imports to England in 1771 to 1775 were 5 million pounds – In 1841 it was 58 million pounds Exports of woven cotton from England in 1834 were 556 million yards No one had ever seen production and output like this before in all of human history. Source: Crosby, Alfred W. 2006. Children of the Sun: A History of Humanity’s Unappeasable Appetite for Energy. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Page 78. This slide was updated 19 July 2013 52

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Fourth Element The potato: (a double element) As the potato spread into north Europe, it raised the health standards of the population to new highs. 10/18/2021 53

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World The Potato …became so popular that people ate much less grain – the mills had nothing to grind. 10/18/2021 54

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Cotton …then entered the scene to provide the mill owners a use for their water power: they could use it to run looms to mass manufacture cloth, making cheap clothes available to ordinary people for the first time in human history. 10/18/2021 55

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World The textile industry stimulated innovations in technology and raised such large amounts of surplus value (profits) as to stimulater stages of the industrial revolution in steel, chemicals and medicine. 10/18/2021 56

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Most economic historians agree that Britain was the leading nation in developing the industrial revolution. By 1850 more than 50% of British exports were cotton cloth [including cloth forced on Asian Indians to undermine their local calico industry. ] 10/18/2021 57

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World In those further stages Native Americans made additional important contributions, teaching Europeans and their North American counterparts how to find and/or process • Dyes • Sisal • Rubber • Tar and asphalt • Petroleum 10/18/2021 58

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Dyes • • • Native American dyes were superior to those of the Europeans Brazilwood – a reddish purple Cochineal – the red of the British “redcoats, ” from a cactus insect • Achiote – reddish yellow from the annatto tree, still colors our margarine 10/18/2021 59

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Dyes • Peruvians had 109 hues in 7 different color categories • Native American dyes used in • • 10/18/2021 Glass making Wood staining Leather processing Ink for printing 60

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Sisal • • Made from agave plant Cords, ropes, bags, rugs Belts for machines such as lathes Important in harvesting machines to bind the wheat 10/18/2021 61

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Rubber • • • Caoutchoc in Quechua, language of the Inca Quechua word used in French etc. Native Americans taught Europeans how to extract and cure it Raincoats, shoes, bottles, tires Hoses, rollers, electrical insulation 10/18/2021 62

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Tar and Asphalt • Roads • Waterproofing Petroleum • Pennsylvania Indians showed whites how to find and use it 10/18/2021 63

Professor Richard W. Franke: ANTH 140 Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World “The industrial revolution did not begin in villages such as Kahl, in the workshops of skilled urban craftsmen, or even in the factories of Manchester and Liverpool – it began in the mines and on the plantations of America. ” [Weatherford, page 49; second edition page 64] 10/18/2021 64

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Nonwestern Contributions to the Western World Professor Richard W. Franke End of Slides for… Native Americans in the History of the World Economy Week 02 Weatherford, chapters 1 – 3 10/18/2021 65