Major Trades Routes n Six Major Routes on

Major Trades Routes n Six Major Routes on or crossing three continents. – Africa – Asia – Europe n Trade routes connected most major civilizations.

Major Trades Routes n All of these routes would connect with others at certain points. n This meant the world was connected by trade, even if most people never knew it. n These trade routes are one of the biggest reasons cultural diffusion took place. n These routes helped ideas, technologies, etc spread across the entire world.

Indian Ocean Routes from India to the Arabian Peninsula and Africa

The Indian Ocean Maritime System The Indian Ocean maritime system linked the lands bordering the Indian Ocean basin and the South China Sea n Trade took place in three distinct regions: (1) the South China Sea, dominated by Chinese and Malays (2) Southeast Asia to the east coast of India, dominated by Malays and Indians (3) The west coast of India to the Persian Gulf and East Africa, dominated by Persians and Arabs n

Trade in the Indian Ocean was made possible by and followed the patterns of the seasonal changes in the monsoon winds n Sailing technology unique to the Indian Ocean system included the lateen sail and a shipbuilding technique that involved piercing the planks, tying them together, and caulking them. n

Mastery of the Monsoon Winds

Indian Ocean Maritime Trade

Indian Ocean Maritime Trade

Climate Regions of South Asia

n Because the distances traveled were longer than in the Mediterranean, traders in the Indian Ocean system seldom retained political ties to their homelands, and war between the various lands participating in the trade was rare

Origins of Contact and Trade n There is evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley n This trade appears to have broken off as Mesopotamia turned more toward trade with East Africa. n Two thousand years ago, Malay sailors from Southeast Asia migrated to the islands of Madagascar

India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast n The state of Gujarat prospered from the Indian Ocean trade, exporting cotton textiles and indigo in return for gold and silver n Gujarat was not simply a commercial center; it was also a manufacturing center that produced textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, and other commodities n Gujarat’s overseas trade was dominated by Muslims, but Hindus also benefited.

n Calicut and other cities of the Malabar Coast exported cotton textiles and spices and served as clearing-houses for longdistance trade n The cities of the Malabar Coast were unified in a loose confederation whose rulers were tolerant of other religious and ethnic groups.

n These migrants, however, did not retain communications or trade with their homeland

Indian Ocean Trade Gujarat / Malabar Coast – Delhi Sultanate wealth – Trade: Cotton, linen, silk, indigo § To Middle East and Europe – Manufacture § Leather, jewelry, carpets – Cambay, Calicut Malacca – South China Sea passage § Political rivalries – Majapahit / Chinese pirates – Newer port city § Alliances with Siam / China § Islamic conversion § Meeting point for traders from China and India

Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World n Lack of security / police enforcement outside of established settlements n Changed in classical period – Improvement of infrastructure – Development of empires

Trade Networks Develop n Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization n Maintenance of roads, bridges n Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns n Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes

Trade in the Hellenistic World n Bactria/India – Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls n Persia, Egypt – Grain n Mediterranean – Wine, oil, jewelry, art n Development of professional merchant class n Development of infrastructure to support trade

The Silk Roads n Named for principal commodity from China n Dependent on imperial stability – Stable empires allowed merchants, missionaries, and soldiers to travel and increase cross-cultural exchange n Overland trade routes from China to Roman Empire n Sea Lanes and Maritime trade as well

The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia n There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road: n – (1) 150 b. c. e. – 907 c. e. – (2) The 13 th through 17 th centuries c. e.

Geography of the Silk Road stretched from Xi’an, China to Rome It covers a vast area of different climates and geographies n Taklimakan Desert n n – Occupies much of the routes – Temperatures range from 104ºF to 122ºF in the summer, but can dip to -5ºF in the winter n Travelers also had to contend with mountain ranges, deep ravines, and sandstorms

Trade Route n DANGER…. CAUTION! – Harsh weather conditions § Floods, sandstorms, and winter snows could throw you off the trade routes – Robbers, thieves, and bandits! § Stole your money, animals, goods

Organization of Long-Distance Trade n Divided into small segments n Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision n Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage

The Trade Route There was no one trade route n The routes resembled a chain linked together by Chinese, Asian, and European merchants n Trade transacted in short segments n

n The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central Asian nomads n Regular, large-scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products (particularly horses) n Trade was also increased by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the markets in Mesopotamia.

n In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops as well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones n China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk, pottery, and paper

The Impact of the Silk Road Trade n Turkic nomads, who became the dominant pastoralist group in Central Asia, benefited from the trade n Their elites constructed houses, lived settled lives, and became interested in foreign religions including Christianity, Buddhism, and (eventually) Islam

Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism n Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes n India through central Asia to east Asia n Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants n Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE-700 CE

The Spread of Epidemic Disease Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens n Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear n Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague n Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional selfsufficiency n

Importance of the Silk Road n n Empires expand their wealth – Han Dynasty prospers by controlling silk trade – All kingdoms require merchants to pay a tax to trade in their lands Improved transportation – Building of new roads, bridges, ports, canals Leads to the development of sea routes – Avoid the “middleman” lower prices for buyers – Safer than land routes as you can avoid bandits CULTURAL DIFFUSION – People exposed to new ideas, cultures, beliefs, and people

Sahara Desert Trans-Saharan Routes spread goods such as Gold and Salt across the great desert.

Indian Ocean Routes from India to the Arabian Peninsula and Africa

Indian Ocean Trade Swahili Coast – sawahil al-sudan – Common language and culture – Kilwa § Gold Great Zimbabwe § Copper, salt Aden – Grain exporter – Convenient stopover – Commercial interests outweigh religious / political differences

Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe n By 1500, there were thirty or forty separate city-states along the East African coast participating in the Indian Ocean trade n The people of these coastal cities, the “Swahili” people, all spoke an African language enriched with Arabic and Persian vocabulary.

n Swahili cities, including Kilwa, were famous as exporters of gold that was mined in or around the inland kingdom whose capital was Great Zimbabwe n Great Zimbabwe’s economy rested on agriculture, cattle herding, and trade. n The city declined due to an ecological crisis brought on by deforestation and overgrazing

Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea n Aden had enough rainfall to produce wheat for export and a location that made it a central transit point for trade from the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt n Aden’s merchants prospered on this trade and built what appeared to travelers to be a wealthy and impressive city.

n In general, a common interest in trade allowed the various peoples and religions of the Indian Ocean basin to live in peace n Violence did sometimes break out, however, as when Christian Ethiopia fought with the Muslims of the Red Sea coast over control of trade.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes: Ancient trade routes connected sub. Saharan West Africa to the Mediterranean coast. Among the commodities carried southward were silk, cotton, horses, and salt. Among those carried northward were gold, ivory, pepper, and slaves.

Ghana n n n old and powerful controlled the gold and salt trade adopted Islam: 985 A. D. – n n generated further conversion to the west prosperous conquered by Berbers and Tuaregs

Economic Exchange: Gold The Kingdom of Ghana became the most important commercial site in west Africa because it was the center for trade in gold n Ghana itself did not produce gold but the kings obtained gold from lands to the south and became wealthy by controlling and taxing the trade n Muslim merchants were especially eager to procure gold for customers in the Mediterranean basin and the Islamic world n Ghana also provided ivory and slaves – In exchange they received horses, cloth, small manufactured wares, and salt n

Mali successor state n fell heir to most of the territory and commercial enterprises of Ghana n

Mali benefited from trans-Sahara trade even more than did Ghana n From 13 th until the late 15 th Century Mali controlled and taxed almost all the trade passing through west Africa n The most prominent period was under the reign of Mansa Musa from 1312 to 1337 n

Influence of Trade on Religion n Contact with Muslim merchants encouraged sub-Sahara west Africans and coastal east Africans to adopt Islam n It served as a cultural foundation for business relationships – Yet African ruling elites and merchants did not convert for purely mercenary reasons; they took their new faith seriously

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade n Between North Africa and Black Africa n 7 th. C CE – introduction of the camel and the caravan trade routes n Trans-Saharan route mutually beneficial for Islamic world and savanna states of Africa n 9. 4 million traded between 650 -900 AD (many died en route)

Social and Cultural Change

Architecture, Learning, and Religion Commercial contacts and the spread of Islam led to a variety of social and cultural changes in which local cultures incorporated and changed ideas, customs and architectural styles from other civilizations. n African and Indian mosques are good examples of the synthesis of Middle Eastern and local architectural styles; in Ethiopia, a native tradition of rock carving led to the construction of eleven churches carved from solid rock. n

n In the field of education, the spread of Islam brought literacy to African peoples who first learned Arabic and then used the Arabic script to write their own languages. n In India literacy was already established, but the spread of Islam brought the development of a new Persian-influenced language (Urdu) and the papermaking technology.

n As it spread to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, Islam also brought with it the study of Islamic law and administration and Greek science, mathematics, and medicine. n Timbuktu, Delhi and Malacca were two new centers of Islamic learning.

Islam spread peacefully; forced conversions were rare. n Muslim domination of trade contributed to the spread of Islam as merchants attracted by the common moral code and laws of Islam converted and as Muslim merchants in foreign lands established households and converted their local wives and servants. n The Islamic destruction of the last center of Buddhism in India contributed to the spread of Islam in that country. n

n Islam brought social and cultural changes to the communities that converted, but Islam itself was changed, developing differently in African, Indian, and Indonesian societies.

Social and Gender Distinctions The gap between elites and the common people widened in tropical societies as the wealthy urban elites prospered from the increased Indian Ocean trade. n Slavery increased in both Africa and in India. An estimated 2. 5 million African slaves were exported across the Sahara and the Red Sea between 1200 and 1500, while more were shipped from the cities of the Swahili coast. n

n Most slaves were trained in specific skills; in some cases, hereditary military slaves could become rich and powerful. n Other slaves worked at hard menial jobs like copper mining, while others, particularly women, were employed as household servants and entertainers. n The large number of slaves meant that the price of slaves was quite low.

n While there is not much information on possible changes in the status of women in the tropics, some scholars speculate that restrictions on women were eased somewhat in Hindu societies. n Nonetheless, early arranged marriage was the rule for Indian women, and they were expected to obey strict rules of fidelity and chastity.

n Women’s status was generally determined by the status of their male masters. n However, women did practice certain skills other than child rearing. n These included cooking, brewing, farm work, and spinning.

n It is difficult to tell what effect the spread of Islam might have had on women. n It is clear that in some places, such as Mali, Muslims did not adopt the Arab practice of veiling and secluding women.

Social and Cultural Change Architecture n Mosques § Old traditions & new influence § Clay, coral, reuse Education – Centers of education / literacy § Arabic in Africa § Urdu in India – Persian and Hindi influence – papermaking – Higher learning § Islamic law, theology, administration § Classical Greek scholarship § Timbuktu – Quranic schools – Profit in books

Social and Cultural Change Spread of Islam – – Mainly urban Commercial interests Marriage Upheaval § Buddhism in India – Destruction of last strongholds Social Issues – Wealth gap § Commerce and conquest – Slavery § Rising prosperity of the elites § 2. 5 million from Africa – Women § Sati as ‘optional’ § Home, farm, manufacture