Lecture 1 History Of Computers Generations Of Computers

Lecture 1 History Of Computers Generations Of Computers Assignment # 1

Pre-Computing Counting on fingers n Counting Pebbles n Counting marks on the walls n Counting marks on the bones n Counting marks in the sand n

Computer Prehistory n Abacus(3000 B. C) ¨ Considered to be the Original Counting Device. ¨ Simple device used to perform calculations ¨ Slide the Beads up and down on the rods to add and subtract. ¨ Relies on training, knowledge of user

Abacus. 3000 B. C n beads on rods to count and calculate n still widely used in China.

Computer Prehistory n Pascaline(1623 – 1662) ¨ Invented by Blaise Pascal ¨ He invented it to help his father in tax collection. ¨ Gear-driven machine performing wholenumber addition & subtraction ¨ Pascal was only man who could make repairs

Computer Prehistory n 17 th Century - Pascaline

Computer Prehistory n Jacquard’s loom(1801) ¨ Wove cloth, silk, and other materials ¨ Knots passing through the holes in cards created patterns woven into fabric

Early Computer Attempt n Charles Babbage(1793 – 1871) ¨ Considered to be Father of Computers because of his Impressive designs for ¨ Difference Engine ¨ Analytical Engine ¨ Difference n Engine huge calculator, steam driven & never finished

Early Computer Attempt n Analytical engine ¨ Designed by Charles Babbage ¨ Similar to early computers Could store up to 1000 50 -digit numbers n Could run more complex programs than early machines at a rate of 60 Additions/sec n accurate to six decimal places n

Early Computer Attempt n Analytical engine ¨ Steam power turned handles n Wouldn’t need humans to run ¨ Design would cover the area of a football field.

Binary Machines n Konrad Zuse develops Z 1(1936) ¨ First automatic calculator based in binary ¨ First Programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering Equations.

Binary Machines n 1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z 1 ¨ Contained memory to remember 64 numbers ¨ Each multiplication took 5 seconds

Electronic Computers n ABC Computer(1939 -1942) ¨ First electronic, digital computer ¨ Built by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry ¨ Performed complicated mathematical computations ¨ Original notes for design written on the back of a cocktail napkin

Electronic Computers n ABC Computer(1939 -1942) ¨ Weighed 800 lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, & 1 mile of wire ¨ Each calculation took 15 seconds

Electronic Computers n Mark I Computer(1944) ¨ Developed by Howard Aiken & IBM ¨ Could add, subtract, multiply and divide Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions. n It had switches which when flipped back and forth, represented mathematical data. n

Electronic Computers n Mark I Computer ¨ Weighed 5 tons, 55’ long, 8’ high ¨ Stored 72 numbers ¨ 3 additions/second; ¨ 3 - 5 seconds per multiplication

Electronic Computers n ENIAC Computer(1943 -1946) ¨ Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ¨ To compute trajectory table for US army. ¨ Programs set by external switches and dials n Took weeks to physically reprogram machines

Electronic Computers n ENIAC Computer ¨ Weighed 30 tons 17, 460 vacuum tubes n 5 million soldered joints n ¨ Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second

Electronic Computers n ENIAC Computer Shortcomings ¨ Could only store and manipulate a limited amount of information. ¨ Programs were wired on boards. ¨ Thus, difficult to detect errors.

Electronic Computers n 1953 ¨ 701 released, IBM’s 1 st computer ¨ Stored 256 numbers in memory ¨ Only 19 ever made n Rented by businesses for $15, 000 per month ¨ IBM sold 1, 800 IBM 650 s, which worked with IBM punch card equipment, from 1954 -1962

Electronic Computers n 1953 701 released, IBM’s 1 st computer ¨ Performed 2200 multiplications per second ¨

1 st Generation Computers n EDVAC(1946 -1952) ¨ Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer ¨ Based on Stored Program Concept. ¨ Stored data in binary form. n UNIVAC(1951) ¨ Universal Automatic Computer ¨ First fully electronic digital computer built in the U. S. ¨ Use of vacuum tubes

1 st Generation Computers n Advantages: ¨ These were the Fastest calculating devices of that time. n Disadvantages: ¨ Too bulky in Size. ¨ Excessive Heat Generation. ¨ Non-portable.

2 nd Generation n Used Transistors starting in 1956 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors, thus making it faster, smaller and reliable. Advantages: ¨ Less Heat Generation ¨ Smaller than 1 st Generation Computers. n Disadvantages: ¨ Costly ¨ Manual Assembly of individual components

PDP-8 Minicomputer n In 1963, PDP-8 was launched. n Small computers for business and specific applications.

3 rd Generation n Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips). Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”. Advantages: ¨ Smaller in size, easily portable, no need of manual assembly of individual components. n Disadvantages: ¨ Highly sophisticated technology required.

4 th Generation Over 30, 000 components were integrated onto a single chip. n Performed 60, 000 instructions per second. n The First Microprocessor (Intel 4004) n ¨ The 4004 had 2, 250 transistors. ¨ 108 Khz ¨ Called “Microchip” (Specialized chip for memory and logic)

4 th Generation n Advantages ¨ Smallest in size. ¨ Heat generation is negligible. ¨ Much faster in computations. ¨ Cheapest. n Disadvantages ¨ Highly sophisticated technology required.

Birth of Personal Computers(1975) n MITS ALTAIR ¨ ¨ ¨ Could hold 256 numbers in RAM Required TV for use as a display Did not include any software (even an OS) Owner had to put machine together Cost $400 Small company, Microsoft, formed by 2 college kids to sell BASIC compiler for Altair

Growth of the Home Computer n Apple I(1976) Could store 8192 numbers (8 KB) in memory ¨ Included keyboard, but needed TV for display ¨ Cost $666. 66 per machine ¨ Less powerful than Altair but also less expensive and complicated. ¨

Growth of the PC n Apple II(1977) ¨ Contained 4 KB of memory ¨ First personal computer to include color graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor ¨ Built-in Keyboard

Player Enters the Market n IBM PC (1981) ¨ First PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and commercially available operating system

Player Enters the Market n IBM PC(1981) ¨ Used 4. 77 MHz processor ¨ Default had 16 KB of memory, but could be expanded to 256 KB ¨ Color monitor was optional ¨ Cost $1565

Updated Computer Line n Apple IIe (1983) ¨ Used 1 MHz processor ¨ Included 64 KB of memory ¨ Cost $1400 per machine ¨ Became one of the best selling computers of all time

Personal Computer Revolution n Apple Lisa (1983) 1 st GUI-based home computer ¨ Used 5 MHz processor, 512 KB of memory, 5 MB hard drive ¨ 12” monitor ¨ Cost $9995 ¨ Apple Macintosh released in 1984 ¨

Personal Computer Revolution 1983 – Apple Lisa released n 1984 – Apple Macintosh released n

Other Important Computer Dates n 1983 – Intel releases 80386 ¨ Speed---16 MHz 1983 – 10 million computers used in US n 1986 – 30 million computers used in US n 1989 – Intel releases 80486 n ¨ 25 MHz ¨ First Intel chip capable of multiprocessing

Pentium Series n In 1995 Pentium-Pro Microprocessor ¨ Windows 95 OS ¨ n In 1997 Intel announces Multimedia capabilities ¨ Pentium II(333 MHz Speed) ¨ n In 1998 ¨ n Windows 1998 OS. In 1999 ¨ Pentium III (Graphics Friendly)

Assignment 1 n Discuss the growth of PCs from year 2000 to 2005 in terms of Hardware improvement and Operating Systems. n Discuss Von-Neumann's Architecture.